James Baldwins Going To Meet The Man Essays - Going To Meet The Man

James Baldwin's Going To Meet The Man One always remembers What They are Taught James Baldwin, an African American creator conceived in Harlem, was raised by his fierce advance dad, David. His dad was a lay evangelist who detested whites and felt that all whites would be decided as they merit by a vindictive God (Klinkowitz and Pritchard, p.1999). Ordinarily, the dad's displeasure was coordinated toward his child through savagery. Baldwin's history, to some degree, helps him in his understanding of bigotry inside the family. He comprehends that racists are not conceived, but instead racists' perspectives and practices are found out in the beginning times of youth. Baldwin's Going to Meet the Man is an ideal case of his ability to examine the development of a blameless youngster to a bigot. Each youngster is brought into the world with guiltlessness. During the flashback to Jesse's adolescence, where he observes the mutilation and torment of a blackman, Jesse's honesty is obvious. Jesse has a dark companion named Otis who he hasn't seen for a couple of days. At the point when he asks his dad where Otis is, the dad answers, I figure Otis' people was afrad to let him give himself this morning(Baldwin, p. 2006). Jesse normally reacts, But Otis ain't sit idle. His dad clarifies, We just wanna ensure Otis don't sit idle, and you mention to him what your Daddy said(Baldwin, p. 2006). This announcement infers that since Otis is dark, he is in the end going to accomplish something incorrectly. The dad has subliminally put negative contemplations within Jesse's head. Baldwin's own dad likewise acted along these lines when he generalized all whites as being awful and asserted they would be rebuffed by a wrathful God. Amidst all the uproar, Jesse can't rest the night prior to the lynching. Inside another flashback to that night, Jesse feels a solid need to have his mom near him yet he realized his dad dislike this(Baldwin, p. 2006). He needed to call his mom and turns out to be extremely baffled and furious with his dad in light of the fact that the dad is the explanation that he couldn't got to his mom. He realizes that they will have sex and this annoys him. He heard his mom's groan, his dad's murmur; he gritted his teeth(Baldwin, p. 2006). Sigmund Freud's Edipus Complex clarifies Jesse's response. The Edipus Complex is a child's sexual aching for his mom. Jesse gets desirous and his dad's breathing appeared to fill the world(Baldwin, p. 2006). As aftereffect of the yearning for the mother, a disdain toward the dad emerges in light of the fact that the dad has the mother all to himself. Jesse, in this circumstance, might want to supplant the dad with the goal that he may encounter the mother in a sexual way. Jesse doesn't shake this inclination until he replaces the yearning of his mom with a clossnes to the dad, a typical impact of the Edipus complex. Jesse's honesty vanishes totally during the flashback of the day of the lynching. The dad is getting Jesse amped up for the savagery to come as he guarantees him, We're going on an excursion. You won't ever overlook this picnic(Baldwin, p. 2007), Jesse answers, Are we going to see the terrible nigger?(Baldwin, p. 2007). He utilizes the descriptive word terrible, uncovering the impact of the dad 's past remarks about the dark man. They show up at the lynching and Jesse's dad shows worry toward how Jesse is feeling, all of you right?(Baldwin, p. 2009). At that point, the dad came to down unexpectedly and sat Jesse on his shoulders, causing Jesse to feel like he was holding with his dad. He had a sense of safety. They viewed the tenacious consuming of the negro together and Jesse last idea of blamelessness excite, What did the man do?(Baldwin, p. 2010). In the wake of asking himself he looked to his mom and felt, she was more excellent than he had ever observed her previously and he sta rted to feel a delight he had never felt before(Baldwin, p. 2010). After the Negro privates were mangled he was left to gradually bite the dust, the dad looked to Jesse with tranquil eyes and stated, Well, I let you know, you wasn't ever going to overlook this picnic(Baldwin, p.2010). It is as this second Freud's Edipus complex is indeed shown.

Summary How Group-Think Makes Killers Essay Example

Outline How Group-Think Makes Killers Paper The article begins by portraying the setting in which an investigation, which was planned by clinician Philip G. Zanzibar of the University of Stanford was led. The examination included understudies who are to be separated into two gatherings one, the jail gatekeepers, and two, the prisoners. In any case, six days after the investigation began, the analysis must be halted because of the injurious and cruel conduct of the jail watches towards the detainees. Zanzibar clarified the unexpected change in conduct of the youngsters by saying that in an enormous gathering, one noisy negligence any laws as he gets anonymous as for the group. Today, it is regularly refered to help the possibility of the malevolent assortment. Despite the fact that gatherings do influence their individuals into doing things which they would not be doing in their typical day by day life, those activities are as similarly liable to be certain for what it's worth to be negative. A similar test, circulated by BBC, was led by British therapists Stephen D. We will compose a custom article test on Summary How Group-Think Makes Killers explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Summary How Group-Think Makes Killers explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Summary How Group-Think Makes Killers explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer More extravagant and S. Alexander Hassle and was met by an alternate situation, that is, the gatekeepers in their investigation acted shakily which drove them to presume that the conduct of a rooftop relies upon the individuals desires for the social job they should play. In spite of the fact that therapists may differ over how people may carry on in a group, they do concur on one major point: lost in a group, the individual grows out of himself, for positive or negative. Surrendering l for We The BBC test discredits the far reaching contrary view that in a group, a people character breaks down and the individual is diverted to submit unethical, nonsensical deeds. Therapists have demystified aggregate conduct, demonstrating that typical, logically reasonable mental moves are making place and that it is tot obsessive. In any case, when an individual Joins a social gathering, the individual is by one way or another peeled off of their individual character. Gustavo El Bon, a French doctor and humanist, kept up that people in a gathering lose their character and in this manner, restraint; and guided uniquely by feelings and senses, they work under a crude power he called the racial oblivious. Over the top Norms William McDougall, a British-conceived analyst, who defined the alleged gathering mind theory, said that anyway Joins a group, surrenders his character for an aggregate soul. Another analysis in the backtalk comprised of members that were haphazardly relegated to bunches as per unimportant models and despite the fact that the task was subjective, it made a solid gathering sense and practically equivalent to conduct. Henry Taffeta and John C. Turner, therapists if the University of Bristol in England and the Australian National University in Canberra, figured in the backtalk the social personality hypothesis which expresses that having a place with a gathering made a we feeling in an individual, a feeling of an aggregate self. Outline How Group-Think Makes Killers By Snowboard

How to Setup an Accounting Department

How to Setup an Accounting Department No business can function for long without an accounting department. Whether you are a self-employed person working out of your home or a giant organization with operations in multiple countries, you will need an efficient system of accounts to handle all your financial business matters. This article will walk you through the various functions performed by the accounting department, and how to set up and manage an effective accounting system. © Shutterstock.com | Rawpixel.comThis article will walk you through the various functions performed by the accounting department, and how to set up and manage an effective accounting system. In this article we will look at 1) an introduction, 2) functions of the accounting department, 3) importance of the accounting department, 4) setting up an accounting department, and 5) considerations while setting up an accounting department.WHAT IS AN ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT?An accounting department is a department within a company that handles the financial aspects of the business. This department keeps updated records of money paid, received, owed and borrowed. Basically, the accounting department manages the economic front of the business. Accounting has been called the “language of business”. Seeing as the main aim of most businesses is to make profits, the accounting department is an intrinsic part of any organization. It is very important to ensure that your accounts system is efficien tly run and managed.Accounting is a generally overlooked sector of business. Most people underestimate the importance of the accounting department as accounts operations are mostly run behind-the-scenes as opposed to departments like Marketing, Purchasing and HRM which deal with front-line business activities. However, a good manager knows the value of an efficient accounting system to the business.PURPOSE OF THE ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENTAny business corporation needs to pay salaries to employees, record cash inflows and outflows, keep track of orders, deliveries and purchases, assess the value of company assets and liabilities and calculate company profits. All these and many other functions are performed by accountants in the accounting department to ensure the business is running smooth financially.What functions do accountants perform?Accountants provide many varied financial services to the company. Among their list of functions is recording accounts payable and receivable, payroll , procurement and inventory, property accounts and all other financial elements.Payroll. An important function of the accounting department is calculating the wages and salaries, called gross wages or gross earnings, payable to the employees. The department is tasked to make sure that all employees receive a fair pay, including bonuses, commissions, and benefits. They monitor and update workers’ off days, vacations and sick leave. The accounting department has access to information contained in personnel files. Based on this information, they have to calculate the amount of income tax, social security tax, union fees and other cuts from gross earnings to arrive at the wages payable to each employee. Taxes payable to the state and federal government by the company have to be calculated and updated. Furthermore, the accounting department reimburses employees for business expenses. In short, payroll is a very essential and complex part of business management.Cash inflows. This is all the cash earned from sales, payments received from debtors and other sources. All cash sources have to be identified and entered into accounting books, where they are balanced against company expenses. The accounting department keeps detailed records of all incoming revenues. Accountants have to make sure all cash inflows are accurately recorded into the correct checking accounts of the business. They have to track any owed amounts payable to the business, including outstanding invoices. They must make sure that customers pay those invoices on time. At the end of the term, accountants balance the checkbook to arrive at the annual company profit or loss.Cash outflows. In addition to payroll, the business incurs many different kinds of expenses over the year. Purchase and delivery costs, paying taxes, buying new assets such as machinery or land, repairs or updates to existing assets, repayment of loansâ€"a company is always writing checks for one purpose or another. The accounting de partment prepares all these checks and forwards them to the intended person(s) for signatures. It keeps up-to-date records of all payments cleared and all payments outstanding. In order to run smoothly, the business must have a good relationship with vendors and suppliers. The business needs to make sure to clear all its payments on time; otherwise its reputation may suffer. The accounting department looks out for different ways to cut costs, such as discounts offered by some vendors upon fast payment. It should also make sure that the company is not charged for late payment of dues.Inventory. An inventory is a list of items that the company holds for the ultimate purpose of resale. These items are usually sold within a year. Inventory can include raw materials, semi-finished products, and finished goods. The accounting department is responsible for keeping accurate inventory records and to ensure that the cost of raw materials and overheads does not negatively affect company cashfl ow. Accountants have to decide on balanced inventory levels for the company; that is, not so high that they add to costs and not so low that customers are left dissatisfied.Fixed assets and property accounting. Every company needs to have some long-term assets such as land, buildings, tools and equipment, machinery, vehicles, etc., in order to function effectively. These are called fixed assets or tangible assetsâ€"items that cannot easily be converted to cash. They may be retained by the business permanently or over long periods. The business needs to maintain detailed records of all its fixed assets, keeping track of the depreciation they undergo over time. This is both for calculating tax payable to authorities and for controlling the use of the assets. The accounting department is responsible for making these accounts. They are recorded into the balance sheet that is used to compute total company assets, liabilities, and capital at any given period. It is very important that the company’s financial statements are kept up-to-date by the accounting department. A business always needs to buy the most upgraded equipment to remain competitive in the market, and its financial statements like the profit and loss account and the balance sheet show its overall worth and value and how much it can afford to buy.The accounting department may be assigned other related work as well, but this is a comprehensive list of their major functions. The significance of these functions in running the business should be obvious. No business can operate without paying its employees accurately and on time, or without keeping detailed records of its asset and liabilities, of cash received and paid out. Quite literally, a company would be unable to run efficiently if its accounting department did not perform these functions effectively and on time. It is very important that the accounting department maintains a good bookkeeping system and keeps it detailed and regularly updated.IMPO RTANCE OF THE ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT TO THE COMPANYThe accounting department is very important in ensuring how the company operates financially. Without an accounting system, the business cannot run its operations effectivelyâ€"since all business deals require either cash received or cash paid out, and the accounting department maintains these records. In other words, this department helps to keep a business afloat financially. Having an efficient, committed accounting department can help the company on many levels.Cost-cuttingThe accounting department helps the company cut its costs without significantly affecting its running operations. By preparing the financial statements and keeping track of incurring company costs, the accounting department has the know how of how the company can alter its operations in small ways that can lead to reduced costs. It advises the other departments in strategies they can adopt that will lead to increased profitability and shareholder wealth.Cost-ef fectivenessThe accounting department provides financial data to the higher managers who will use this data to make important business decisions and to control how the company assets and resources are being used. Accountants calculate in detail how much cost the business is incurring, such as the cost of labor, the return from sales versus marketing, distribution, and advertising costs. The accounting department identifies which business operations are most cost-effective so they can be maintained and which are least cost-effective so they can be modified. It also advises on the feasibility of proposed business ventures such as expansion, mergers, and takeovers.  Influencing financial decisionsThe accounting department prepares detailed financial records that are used by various outside parties such as shareholders, stockholders, state and federal governments, debtors, creditors etc., to make important decisions. The creditors can use these records to assess whether it is feasible le nding large amounts to the company, potential shareholders, and stockholders use them to make investing decisions. The government agencies use them to determine the amount of income tax and company tax payable. The information prepared by the accounting department can help the business when looking to obtain investments and credit.  Effective strategiesThe accounting department reviews past financial decisions and makes a recommended budgetâ€"keeping the company’s objectives and mangers’ decisions under considerationâ€"and advises on strategies that can be used to increase business efficiency. Once the strategies are put into effect, the accounting department monitors them to assess the changes they bring to the running of the company.  Essentially, the accounting department helps to run the overall operations of the business. Their function is more like that of advisors to management than that of a separate department within the company. They monitor the overall performance of the company, and their recommendations can bring long-term changes in its operations and policy.SETTING UP AN ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENTA company’s bookkeeping system is very crucial in determining its overall success. Therefore, a lot of care and consideration should go into setting up an accounting department. Every business is faced with the dilemma of deciding on an appropriate accounting system to suit its needs. Some companies may choose to operate a manual accounting system but in the modern world, this is not very feasible even for small-scale businesses. To retain an edge in the highly competitive market today, all businesses need to keep with the rapidly upgrading technology and for this it has become essential to have a computerized accounting system. This is also more time- and cost-effective as it is easier to record entries into an automated system rather than manually keeping records.When setting up an accounting department, a company usually has to go through the follow ing steps:Select an accounting methodThe company first has to decide which accounting method it will be using. There are two choices available.Cash-basis accounting. In this system, companies record income when cash is received and record expenses when the company pays them. Cash-basis accounting is reliable when you want to track the actual amount of money entering and leaving your company. This is a common accounting method among small businesses that tend to make immediate payment for goods and services received.Accrual accounting. In this system, the company records income whenever a sale is made, regardless of whether they receive payment for it, and records expenses whenever the good or service is received, regardless of whether the company pays for it. Accrual accounting is useful in informing the company how much expenses it is incurring each month and how much profit it is generating. This method is used by large businesses or even by smaller business that tend to buy and s ell goods or services on credit.The company can pick any of the above accounting methods to use, as long as annual sales are less than $5 million (in which case, it will use cash accounting) or it maintains an inventory (in which case, it must use accrual method).Select a method for recording transactionsAfter you have selected an accounting method, you have to decide the method to record transactions into accounts. There are two choices available to businesses.Manual recording. Accountants hand-write transactions into a ledger. Nowadays very few businesses use this method as it is very difficult and time-consuming to enter a large number of transactions daily in a ledger. Also, there is also a danger of incorrect amounts being entered, which can lead to problems for the company.Automated recording. Transactions are recorded electronically in a software program. This has the advantage of accuracy. It is easier to keep track of any discrepancy or inconsistency in the accounts if tran sactions are being fed into a computer. It also helps to perform more monotonous and routine tasks quickly and efficiently.Set up a chart of accountsNext the company has to set up a chart of accounts, which lists all the different accounts in your accounting system, like income accounts, expense accounts, capital accounts, etc. Hiring motivated and competent accountants can help take this task with ease.Maintaining the selecting accounting systemAfter deciding on the accounting method, the company has to learn and maintain the selected accounting system. Setting up an accounting system costs time and money, and so the company should utilize it to the fullest, that is, it should enter every transaction, bill, charge, and refund. Another way of maintaining the accounting system is to reconcile it with transactions in the business bank statement. This is an effective way of properly allocating and accounting for company funds.CONSIDERATIONS WHILE SETTING UP ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENTMaintai ning an effective  accounts  system is a tough job.  Accountants  usually have multiple function to perform and can get stressed out with the work pressure. The company can take certain steps to ensure that the  accounting  department  works efficiently and the  accountants  are not burdened with excessive workloads. Here are some important factors to take note of when setting up an accounting department.Conduct Process Walk-ThroughIt is imperative that all employees are made familiar with the working of the department, its objectives and functions. This will ensure that the employees are comfortable and accepting of a new department. Moreover, those that are hired to run the accounting department should be allowed to meet stakeholders to gather understanding of the structural framework and potential loopholes as far as the finances are concerned.Use Best PracticesImplementing  accounting  best practices can improve the efficiency of the  accounting  department, boost employee moral e and improve data quality.Take Advantage of Unused System FunctionalityIf you intend to get a software  installed, make sure its utility is worth the money that you are paying. Oftentimes companies buy expensive software and do not make use of most of its features because they are useless for them. Instead get your software customized if need be to get the maximum utility.Conduct Process TrainingSuccessful companies regularly assess the need to train their employees. Providing training is a failsafe method of improving productivity levels and workplace efficiency. Workers may receive on-the-job training, they may be sent elsewhere to professional development classes.Develop System Super UsersThe accounting department might also be used to create training plans by collecting data via queries, reports, etc.Establish Process MetricsDeveloping metrics is quite simple and it will be very beneficial if it is learnt. This will help monitor the performance of the company and enable everyon e to access and assess their own performance and the company activity individually as well as in comparison to another company or during the same period in a previous year.Reward SuccessNothing will improve employees’ morale more than knowing that their efforts and hard work are being acknowledged. Providing monetary and non-monetary rewards can help motivate staff and they will be happy to perform even the monotonous tasks that the  accounting  department  requires.Essentially, the  accounting  department  helps to run the overall operations of the business. Their function is more like that of advisors to management than that of a separate  department  within the company. They monitor the overall performance of the company and their recommendations can bring long-term changes in its operations and policy.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) - 791 Words

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) would be a very interesting area of research. I find this topic interesting because there are so many people that still believe that ADHD is a made up disorder and that the real problem is a lack of good parenting skills. I have several people in my life that are affected by ADHD. I have found that despite copious amounts of research into effective treatments, it is still difficult to find a healthcare provider with accurate information on the subject. The problem with misinformation is also common in school teachers who are in a position to recognize the problem in their students before the parents. In the research study conducted by Sciutto et al (2015), researchers found that several misconceptions were common throughout the world about the symptoms, causes, and treatments of ADHD. Misconceptions about symptoms or causes can lead to a reduction in recognition and diagnosis of the disorder. Without a diagnosis, it is unlikely that tr eatment would be sought. Misconceptions about treatments can delay or prevent proper treatment. Lack of treatment could lead to an increase in anxiety and depression symptoms in both the child and the parent. Comorbid symptoms of depression and anxiety are very common for people diagnosed with ADHD (nimh.nih.gov). ADHD causes a delay in normal development and there is no known cure. Symptoms can interfere with daily functioning and task completion. Treatment is focused on reducing the severityShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1710 Words   |  7 Pages Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD which is often referred to as childhood hyperactivity, it s a severe and chronic disorder for children. It is one of the most prevalent childhood disorders, and affects 3% to 5% of the school-age population. Boys outnumber girls three or more to one. Children with ADHD can experience many behavioral difficulties that often manifest in the form of inattention, being easily distracted, being impulsive, and hyperactivity. As a result, children withRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1744 Words   |  7 PagesI chose to research Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, otherwise known as ADHD, in culture and child development for the following reasons. First, it is important as educators that we understand the difference between restlessness and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in children. Secondly, we must be conscious of the origins of ADHD, how to recognize it, the myths and prejudices against it, and kn ow the most appropriate intervention strategies. Educators must also realize that evenRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1495 Words   |  6 Pagesoccasionally forget to do their homework, get fidgety when they lose interest in an activity, or speak out of turn during class time. But inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are all signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a neuro-development disorder and can start as early as three years old throughout adulthood. People with ADHD have trouble focusing on tasks and activities, this can have a negative impact on the individual in different ways. It can make the child feelRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1699 Words   |  7 Pageshas had some difficulty sitting still, paying attention and even controlling impulsive behavior once or twice in our life. For some people, however, the problems that occur slim to none in our life occurs in the lives of theirs every day and interfere with every aspect of their life inclusive of home, academic, social and work. . The interaction of core ADHD symptoms with co-morbid problems and neuropsychological deï ¬ cits suggests that individuals with ADHD are likely to experience problems in academicRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)1259 Words   |  5 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly found disorder in children in the United States. Statistics show that the male to female ratio for children with ADHD is eight to one. 4.4 million Children between the ages four to seventeen have diagnosed with ADHD (Cheng Tina L et al.). African American children are at a higher risk for having ADHD. Caucasian children are least likely to have ADHD. 2.5 million children receive medication for ADHD, but African American childrenRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1002 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract There are many disorders that are first diagnosed whether it is during infancy, childhood or adolescence. The disorders range from intellectual disabilities, learning disabilities, communication disorders, all the way through to elimination disorders. Attention-deficit and disruptive disorders are the most common. All including AD/HD, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and unspecified disruptive disorder. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is one of the most commonRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1058 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom disorders such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (or ADHD/ADD.) While much is known about these disorders and how they affect the education of children, there are only a few known methods that consistently help an affected child focus and target in on what they need to learn. Medication for children With Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder must be used as an aid to help the affected child to focus and comprehend information being presented to them. Children with Attention DeficitRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )978 Words   |  4 Pagesin diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children since the 21st century. Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention the increase has been seen as a difference from, â€Å"7.8% in 2003 to 9.5% in 2007 and to 11.0% in 2011† (p. 4). Many questions arise concerning why the numbers are on the rise, especially when boys are 7.6 percent more likely than girls to receive the diagnosis of ADHD. When should the line be drawn between a disorder, and hyperactivity that comes withRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1552 Words   |  7 PagesATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Seth was a second grader at West Elementary. He constantly got reprimanded by his teachers for not paying attention in class. He could not understand the information given to him during the school day. He thought he was stupid and useless. But he was not. His parents got him tested by a doctor for ADHD. He is one of many kids in the United States who have been recognized as having it. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a major issue in the educationRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is ADHD? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects almost 10% of American children between 13 and 18 years old, as well as 4% of U.S. adults over 18. Only a licensed mental health professional can provide an ADHD diagnosis, after a thorough evaluation. ADHD has three primary characteristics: Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Inattentive: Are effortlessly distracted, fail to catch details, are forgetful, and regularly switch activities. Find it difficult to focus

Human Rights And Criminal Justice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5456 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Tags: Criminal Justice Essay Human Rights Essay Did you like this example? In considering the extent to which the police have complied with the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 and the PACE Codes of Practice regarding the arrest, detention and interrogation of Graham and Nisha it is to be appreciated that a police officer (Ministry of Housing Local Government v. Sharp, at p.266, per Lord Denning MR) who commits a breach of their common law or statutory duty by making an unlawful/wrongful arrest be liable for damages (M v. Home Office). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Human Rights And Criminal Justice" essay for you Create order This is because exemplary damages may be awarded in cases of oppressive, arbitrary or unconstitutional action by the police who may be described as exercising governmental functions (Cassell Co Ltd v. Broome, at pp.1076-1078, per Lord Hailsham of St Marylebone LC). Moreover, whilst the mere fact a police officer or authority makes an ultra vires order or invalidly exercises statutory powers under PACE 1984 will not of itself found an action (Holgate-Mohammed v. Duke, at p.443, per Lord Diplock), bad faith on the part of a police officer, like PC Kyle, will result in civil liability, but for the presence of statutory authorisation (Calveley v. Chief Constable of the Merseyside Police, at p.1030, per Lord Bridge of Harwich). Graham and Nisha would, however, still need to be advised proof of improper motive is necessary (Gregory v. Portsmouth City Council). Furthermore, they must be advised there also may be a cause of action for an independent tort of misfeasance in public office t hat consists of public officers like PC Burns and PC Donaldson causing loss to the claimant where the officer either intends to injure the claimant or knows they have no power to do the act complained of and will probably injure the claimant (Three Rivers District Council v. Governor and Company of the Bank of England (No 3), at p.8, per Lord Steyn). However, the exercise of power may include an act, or an omission in the sense of an actual decision not to act and there may be vicarious liability of the relevant governmental authority for the acts of the police officer (Racz v. Home Office). Nevertheless, whilst Graham and Nisha need to be advised someone may be lawfully arrested by warrant, or without one if certain conditions are satisfied (see PACE 1984 at sections 24-33 and Schedule 2 (as amended)), they may also be able to lay a charge against PC Burns and PC Donaldson for unlawful arrest. The reason for this is arrests would be unlawful if the police officers knew there was no possibility of bringing charges (Plange v. Chief Constable of South Humberside Police). Such a view is based on the fact that, for example, if an arrest does not conform with the conditions set down by law, then actions for false imprisonment and battery will lie, and no proof of special damage is required (Murray v. Ministry of Defence, at p.528, per Lord Griffiths). However, a police officer need only reasonably believe an arrestable offence has been committed because the test is whether the police officer had reasonable suspicion of any of the offences (i.e. the robbery) and this would have to be accounted for in any investiagtion. Although the arrested person must be told of the reason for their arrest even if it is obvious (sections 28(3)-(4) of the PACE 1984), however, if the reason given renders the arrest unlawful it is irrelevant there was a valid reason for the arrest if it was not communicated to the arrested person at the time of the arrest (Abbassy v. Metropolitan P olice Comr). Graham and Nisha could effect a charge for false imprisonment (R v. Deputy Governor of Parkhurst Prison, ex p Hague) because their right to liberty (Bugdaycay v. Secretary of State for the Home Department) is protected against state interference by two principles. This is because (a) an individual may do anything not prohibited by law; and (by) the state may not interfere with the individual except where the law permits it (IRC v. Rossminster Ltd). Therefore, Mr Cartman needs to be advised he could only be lawfully detained for a period of time set out in statute (R v. Brown) and is afforded certain protections whilst in detention (PACE 1984 at sections 34-45) (as amended)). This is because false imprisonment not only affects someones liberty, under Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 1950, but also their reputation and the damage continues until it is stopped by remedy of an avowal the imprisonment was false (Hook v. Cunard Steamship Co Ltd). As for Graham and Nishas interrogation, police interviews are specifically covered by the PACE Codes of Practice (C11.1A-12.14) with the overriding principle being all those in custody must be dealt with expeditiously and released as soon as the need for detention has ceased to apply to avoid problems under Article 5 of the ECHR 1950 regarding the right to liberty. Additionally, interviews should only take place in a police station with the exception of few limited circumstances and a suspect should be told why they are being interviewed and the level of offence they may be charged with. After cautioning the suspect at the beginning of an interview (Code C10.1-10.9) at a police station, the interviewing officer should put to the suspect any significant statement or silence which occurred before the suspects arrival at the police station. At the police station they should then be asked to confirm, deny or add to their statement, since a significant statement or silence is one capab le of being used in evidence against the suspect under the Criminal Justice Public Order Act 1994. An accurate written record should be made of each interview unless it is recorded and the suspect has the right to see the record and sign it only if it is exactly what they said (Code E2.1-E4.19). However, less formal interviews subsequently written up by police officers in their notebooks are still common and a suspect usually has no chance to check the accuracy of their notes so as to potentially render confessions inadmissible in court (Kuruma v. R, at p.203, per Lord Chief Justice Goddard). The questioning and treatment by the police that a suspect receives in custody is also affected by the ECHR 1950 since Article 3 covers the prohibition of torture and degrading treatment, Article 6 covers the right to a fair trial and Article 8 the right to privacy. (b) As for the matter of the admissibility of Nishas confession at trial the admissibility of any implied statements of gui lt need to be read under Article 6 of the ECHR 1950 (enacted domestically by the Human Rights Act 1998) regarding the right to a fair trial. But regardless of the need to recognise basic human rights and freedoms, under English law suspects are supposed to be protected regarding confessions although evidence will not be excluded just because it was improperly obtained due to confessions probative value (Kuruma v. R, at p.203, per Lord Chief Justice Goddard). This is important because when she was taken to an interview room by DC Cole and DC Newby Nisha asks Can we get this over as soon as possible please? Im guilty, we went and did over a building society, and the loot is in Grahams filing cabinet in his Dads office. Can I go now? before the tapes were switched on. However, this is problematic because although DC Cole took a note of what she had said, Nisha refused to sign it and, when the tapes are finally switched on, Nisha informs them she will not answer any questions until she can speak to a solicitor (Tinney) who later urges Nisha not to answer any further questions. Matters have then only been further exacerbated by the fact when Nisha was actually first checked in to the police station by the Custody Sergeant (DS Lowry) he gave her a copy of the PACE Codes of Practice to consult and also offered Nisha the opportunity to contact a friend or relative. However, Nisha informed him she only wanted to speak to her solicitor whereupon DS Lowry saide Well, you could speak to one if you had to, but it might take a while to organise now that its after 5pm. Solicitors arent always necessary, and itll just mean that itll take a lot longer for us to sort this out. This is important because it has been found courts can exclude a confession if it is obtained as a result of some form of oppression (PACE 1984 at section 76(8)) or in circumstance that serve to render it unreliable (PACE 1984 at section 76(2)(b)) unless the prosecution prove beyond reasonable doubt i t was not obtained in this way (R v. Hughes). In addition, the courts may look to exclude a confession if its admissibility would serve to effect the fairness of proceedings (PACE 1984 at section 78), but only where a breach of the law arisen occurred (R v. Mason) whilst improper inducements may render a confession unreliable (Jemmott v. Commissioner of Police). Moreover, as in this case, it is commonly understood a deliberate breach in bad faith of the right to legal advice as was perpetrated by DS Lowry against Nisha (PACE 1984 at section 58) will almost certainly result in the exclusion of a confession and even such a breach without their being any act of bad faith may also do pretty much the same thing in such a case (R v. Alladice). However, on questions of admissibility of confessions, it is still for the judge to determine the issue after hearing evidence relating to any contested question of fact (R v. Burgess). On this basis, the test for admissibility of a confession wa s simply whether it was voluntary and as a matter of fact and causation until the policy was changed due to a lack of faith in the system and fears of police corruption because the trial judges findings could not be disturbed due to the difficulties involved with reconciling them with any findings of fact (R v. Rennie). Only now, underlying the basic rules concerning the admissibility of confessions, there is a need to be fair to the accused rather than merely looking to fulfil government targets (R v. Middleton). Furthermore, significant and substantial breaches of the law relating to the protection of suspects, whether in bad faith or not, may lead to what has been recognised as the exclusion of evidence (R v. Absolam). Therefore, significant and substantial breaches of the interviewing rules under PACE 1984 may result in the exclusion of evidence obtained consequently (R v. Keenan) and it may be deemed unfair to admit in evidence any confession made after a promise of immunity by the police (R v. Mathias). (c) With a view to considering the significance of Nishas decision to remain silent under questioning and the failure of both defendants to testify at court such a right was arguably most effectively espoused by Lord Mustill in R v. Director of Serious Fraud Office, ex parte Smith where the right to silence was found to consist of six rights (i) a general immunity from having to answer questions posed by persons or bodies in authority; (ii) a general immunity from having to answer incriminating questions on pain of punishment; (iii) a specific immunity for all people suspected of criminal responsibility whilst being interviewed by the authorities to not have to answer questions; (iv) a specific immunity for people subject to criminal proceedings from being compelled to give evidence or answer questions; (v) a specific immunity, possessed by people charged with criminal offences, to not have questions material to such offences addressed by the autho rities; and (vi) a specific immunity for accused people undergoing criminal trial proceedings to not have adverse comments made about any failure to answer questions before or at the trial. Therefore, adverse inferences from someone utilising this right could only be drawn in very limited circumstances since the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) recognised in Murray v. UK (at paragraph 45) the right to remain silent under police questioning and the privilege against self-incrimination are generally recognised international standards under Article 6 of the ECHR 1950 regarding recognition of the right to a fair trial. This right was then, however, somewhat limited by the Criminal Justice Public Order Act 1994 that recognised adverse inferences should be drawn from someone like Bill (or Alf if he had chosen to) exercising their right to silence. This is because it was recognised under the Act that where before or on being charged an accused in a criminal matter (i) fails to m ention any fact which they later rely upon (R v. Webber, at paragraph 15) and which the accused could reasonably be expected to mention (R v. Argent); (ii) fails to give evidence at trial or answer any questions; (iii) fails to account upon their arrest for objects, substances or marks on their body, clothing or footwear or where they are arrested; or (iv) fails to account on arrest for their for their presence somewhere they will be subject to possible adverse inferences being drawn as a result. Such inferences have since been set out by the Judicial Studies Board that has provided a specimen direction (Crown Court Bench Book Specimen Directions (as updated) (October 2008)) that the ECtHR now considers to be acceptable (Beckles v. UK) particularly due to the UKs implementation of the ECHR 1950 domestically through the HRA 1998. However, the prosecution and defence also need to be made aware that, whilst no conviction can be solely founded upon silence, evidence may be excluded wh ere, for example, the police fail to follow the terms of PACE 1984 and do not make those suspected of the crime in this case (i.e. Alf and Bill) aware of the possible implications of their silence for the criminal proceedings to then be pursued against them negating the fairness of the proceedings (PACE 1984 at section 78(1) see also Criminal Justice Act 2003 at section 126(2)(a)) to the detriment of the parties involved contrary to Article 6 of the ECHR 1950. (d) In determining as to whether it is permissible for the prosecution to rely on the fact the stolen money was recovered from Grahams fathers filing cabinet there is a need to recognise any case is generally considered proven through the adducing of original evidence when it is proved by oral testimony in specific proceedings from witnesses who have first-hand knowledge of the facts and issues. For example, in a statement made by a witness in criminal proceedings which in accordance with a special measures direction s uch as sections 31(1) and (2) of the YJCEA 1999 is not made by the witness in direct oral testimony in court but forms part of the witnesss evidence in those proceedings that is treated as if it has been made by the witness as such. Therefore, it is commonly understood if a witness is found to lack first hand knowledge because they did not personally perceive or experience the fact or event under scrutiny, but merely heard or read about it, any evidence they give will be second-hand and recognised as hearsay accordingly (R v. Sharp, at p.68, per Lord Havers). This is because a previously written or recorded statement like that of DC Coles notes of what Nisha said prior to the taped interview about where the stolen case was can also be considered to be hearsay in the circumstances if it is then given as evidence in the criminal proceedings against Graham and Nisha (CJA 2003 at sections 119-120). Hearsay evidence can, however, be given in court proceedings in the interests of just ice if (i) any statutory provision serves to make it admissible (section 114(1)(a) at CJA 2003); (ii) it is admissible under a common law rule preserved under the CJA 2003 (section 114(1)(b)); (ii) all parties agree it is admissible (section 114(1)(c) at CJA 2003); or (iv) the courts are satisfied it serves the interests of justice (section 114(1)(d) ay CJA 2003). This is particularly important because the judiciary now have a statutory discretion in court proceedings to admit hearsay evidence that could otherwise be considered to be inadmissible where it is found to be in the interests of justice (R v. Taylor). This area of the law of evidence is, however, complicated by the fact that although a witness can testify regarding what they have heard or been told in a statement by someone else, this is not necessarily hearsay unless the court or jury is invited to believe or rely upon it. Such a view is founded on the decision in Ratten v. R (at p.387) where it was recognised just beca use the evidence of a witness includes evidence as to something that was said by another person is no objection to its admissibility, but if the speaking of words is a relevant fact, a witness may give evidence that they were spoken (Teper v. R, at p.486). Nevertheless, it is not hearsay where it is proposed the evidence will be used to establish the statement relating to the stolen cash was made by Nisha (Subramaniam v. Public Prosecutor, at p.970) because evidence one or more people could demonstrate their knowledge of (or belief in) certain facts (R v. Kearley) could be considered equivalent to an implied assertion of those facts by the people concerned. Therefore, such evidence could be considered inadmissible as hearsay if it was tendered to prove the existence of particular facts even if the conduct was not intended to assert those facts. However, in contrast, conduct intended to convey information amounts to a statement and evidence given by someone who witnessed conduct could be hearsay (Chandrasekera (alias Alisandiri) v. R). This means interpretation of the hearsay rule in the law of evidence has now been somewhat abrogated so the rules governing its admissibility (contained in the CJA 2003, Part 11, Chapter 2 (at sections 114-141) (as amended) the common law rules preserved by section 118(1)) now applies only if the purpose of who is making the statement seems to have been to cause someone else to believe the matter (CJA 2003 at section 115(3)(a)) or cause someone else to act because the matter is simply as it was stated (CJA 2003 at section 115(3)(b)). Section B 1. In seeking to discuss the idea The United Kingdom has a woeful track record in safeguarding the human rights of children and young people in the criminal justice system, this essay will first look to recognise why children and young people are considered to be so important in relation to the development of an effective criminal justice system. This essay will then consider as to where problems with the recognition of human rights for children and young people have been recognised in relation to the criminal process, before seeking to evaluate the way in which policy makers have looked to circumvent such problems through the development of further measures outside of the court process. At the same time, however, this essay will also consider the problems that have arisen with such developments in terms of the recognition of children and young peoples human rights despite the fact they were in fact meant to bring about a greater appreciation of their rights against abuse. Final ly, this essay will seek to conclude with a summary of the key points derived from this discussion in relation to how successful or not the UK has been at safeguarding the human rights of children and young people in the criminal justice system. Considerable importance is linked to a childs welfare whenever they have dealings with the youth justice system because labelling a child as criminal may have great repercussions for their ongoing development (Henslin, 1999). Difficulties in this area have very often only been exacerbated because this kind of labelling commonly ignores the fact children will have often learnt their bad behaviour because an unstable family life can have such an impact upon a childs development (Arthur, 2007, pp.47-51 and 53-57). Therefore, it has been recognised that it is arguably society could actually be considered as responsible for increasing criminality amongst the young that may then impact upon their adulthood (Carlton, 2008, p.29). This is because , for example, during the past decade in particular it has been found that a series of unrelated disturbances in areas throughout these shores raised the profile of youth offending within the media to give the impression of a country overrun by delinquents (Goldson, 1997, pp.129-130). Such developments can have far-reaching consequences because it is arguable the problems started with society making rules and then selectively applying them to make deviants of those with the misfortune of being labelled for breaking these rules by ostracising them from society (Downes Rock, 2003, pp.177-201). Not everyone who is recognised as criminal falls into a life of crime. Only a small percentage of antisocial children actually become antisocial adults since many get help to distance themselves from the path they may otherwise have gone down through successful reintegration (Kazdin, 1993, pp.277-310). Some studies even go so far as to suggest labelling of young people as criminals does not necessarily compel them to embark on a criminal career (Robins, 1980, p.313). But many academics have argued that once young people have been labelled as criminal it is then that much more likely that they will accept the role they have been assigned (Eadie Morley, 2003, p.552). Such an understanding is then only exacerbated by the fact that, to identify patterns of criminality amongst the young, it has been found male children from both poor and rich families and recognised male children from poor families are more likely to be labelled deviant and also explains why there are many more lower-class young male offenders (Walklate, 2007, pp.17-36). In addition, other academics argued children that live in poor communities very often become inordinately physical and aggressive in their relationship with other children because of a lack of education and discipline (Murray, 1990, p.12). It is a mark of the level of criminal behaviour amongst the young it costs taxpayers around  £3.5 b illion annually to put right (Respect, 2009) and children with persistent antisocial behaviour at the age of 10 cost society ten times as much in controls by the time they reach 28 (Kyle, 2006). Therefore, where the causes of young offenders behaviour are effectively recognised, it is arguable the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 was a step in the right direction for giving offenders at all levels another chance. At the same time, however, anyone convicted of house-breaking is presumed to be a person likely to break into other houses (Becker, 1963). Such a view has since been developed so if someone has the misfortune of confronting a jury regarding the allegation of an offence against them, then their previous bad character could influence the jury regarding the likelihood of them committing the offence they are charged with under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Roberts, 2006, pp.1064-1065). This point is particularly important for children in view of the fact that they do n ot commonly have the emotional awareness or experience to cope with the process of law. For example, it was recognised in the case of SC v. United Kingdom Article 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 1950 (implemented into the UK under the Human Rights Act 1998) had been violated when an 11-year-old boy was tried in an adult court for attempted robbery and sentenced to two and a half years imprisonment. However, when the case was appealed to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) the court found that, in view of the boys low intellect, he was incapable of fully understanding the proceedings and their consequences so as to contravene the remit of Article 6 of the ECHR 1950. This is because the court found that what should have happened is that such a young person should actually have been tried for their crimes in a specialist tribunal adapted to meet their specific requirements (Hollingsworth, 2007). This is not the first time that problems have arisen with regards to a childs right to a fair trial. The reality is that Article 6 of the ECHR 1950 has generated more case law before the ECtHR than any other Article because this right is so fundamental (Thompson v. United Kingdom). However, although it is to be appreciated that the ECtHR has opted to consider proceedings before the courts as a whole, there is still a need to understand that specific incidents may have a significant impact because it is not for the ECtHR to pass on whether a previous court made errors in the consideration of either fact or law (Grotian, 1994, p.41). Nevertheless, there has still been some significant debate in the UK about the extent that a young persons right to a fair trial is recognised domestically. For example, it was recognised in the case of R (on the application of R) v. Durham Constabulary before the House of Lords that the giving of a warning to a 15-year-old boy about his admittance of indecent assaults was not a criminal charge under Article 6 o f the ECHR 1950 so that the protection of such a right did not apply in such circumstances. In addition, in the case of R (S) v. Waltham Forest Youth Court it was held that it was impossible to look to include words in section 16 of the Youth Justice Criminal Evidence Act (YJCEA) 1999 so as to then permit the particular young defendant to be able to give evidence via a television link where he was found to be afraid of repercussions. The reason for this that section 16 of the YJCEA 1999 specifically established when a court would be able to give protection to those that are giving evidence by reading in an extra facet into section 16 of the YJCEA 1999 so that this would then mean the courts in this country would be effectively legislating and not interpreting the law as it stands so that the specific principle relating to the presumption of innocence would then be able to be maintained and enhanced (Woolmington v. Director of Public Prosecutions). As a result, policy makers with in government have sought to develop alternatives to redress criminal behaviour. Principally, Anti-Social Behaviour Orders (ASBOs) as civil injunctions have been encouraged to apply for against those over 10 years of age for causing harassment, alarm or distress under the Crime Disorder Act (CDA) 1998 (Home Office White Paper, 2003). Then, under section 1C of the CDA 1998 (amended under the Serious Organised Crime Police Act 2005), if a defendant is convicted of an offence an ASBO may be implemented by a court if an offender has acted in an anti-social manner effecting people not of the same household. However, the CDA 1998 has not solely been about ASBOs to control criminal behaviour amongst the young through rehabilitative schemes. This is because it is to be appreciated the CDA 1998 is focussed upon children and young people under 18s criminal behaviour since there is a duty upon local authorities to ensure youth justice services are available in terms of assessment and rehabil itation, bail support, demand placements, reports, and community sentence and post-custody supervisions (Scraton, 2004). In addition, the CDA 1998 also served to establish a national Youth Justice Board to establish multi-agency Youth Offending Teams (YOTs) to review Youth Justice Plans, along with Reparations, Action Plans, improved Supervision, Detention and Training Orders (Scraton, 2004). The CDA 1998 also looked to show an appreciation of young offenders welfare by abolishing the previously recognised presumption of doli incapax to permit courts to draw inferences from an accused child or young persons failure to give evidence at trial. In addition, a series of Orders have been introduced including Parenting Orders to offer help and support for addressing a given childs behaviour, whilst Child Safety Orders were directed at children under 10 as early intervention measures in an effort to stop children embroiling themselves in lives of crime by offering the authorities the ch ance to protect a given child (UK Government, 1999, p.181). Such an understanding of the approach to children and young people within the criminal justice system is reflective of the governments submission to the United Nations (UN) Committee that it is not unjust or unreasonable to presume most children 10 years of age or older can understand the difference between what is right and wrong (UK Government, 1999, p.180). Therefore, ASBOs have been developed so as to emphasise a childs welfares importance even in relation to dealing with them under the criminal justice system without ostracising them (Downes, 2001, pp.8-9). It is still to be appreciated, however, although ASBOs do not carry the same stigma as a period of imprisonment the responsible community is still arguably being utilised as a blunt instrument for dealing with young peoples criminal behaviour (Scraton, 2004, pp.1-27). In addition, the potential for applying ASBOs with real energy has not been lost on the judiciar y. For example, in 2003, a Manchester district judge lifted reporting restrictions on a teenager served with a 10-year ASBO throughout the UK so, despite the disproportionate nature of the penalty, a Manchester council representative remained unequivocal in recognising It stands as a stark warning behave or risk a long ban (Press Release, 2003). Therefore, despite ASBOs civil element they could still oppose the presumption of innocence (Woolmington v. Director of Public Prosecutions) leading to further concerns regarding the right to a fair trial under Article 6 of the ECHR 1950. However, that is not to say government policy makers are solely to blame for this because matters are not helped by the ambiguous nature of Article 6 itself because Article 6(2) has implied the right to a fair trial only arises in criminal proceedings whilst ASBOs are based in civil law. For example, it was recognised in R (on the application of R) v. Durham Constabulary that Article 6 of the ECHR 1950 is not engaged by the procedure for reprimands and warnings (Ashworth, 2006a, pp.87-89). To deal with young offenders in the interests of society it was arguably too easy for government policy makers to circumvent innocences presumption (Woolmington v. Director of Public Prosecutions) by promoting legislation to provide for civil orders imposition. That such a development has arisen is firmly rooted in the governments desire to protect its citizens from risk and prevent a criminal element forming in the young (Ashworth, 2006b). This is because ASBOs were implemented by government policy makers to bypass the standard criminal process and evade the aforementioned presumption of innocence along with the need for witnesses to attend and give evidence as they would in criminal proceedings although such a gambit may still be attacked. The reason for this is that, although proceedings regarding young offenders may be civil under the CDA 1998, the standard of proof should still be as high as the criminal standard of beyond reasonable doubt because ASBOs still often affect an individuals right to liberty under Article 5 of the ECHR 1950 when they are restricted from going into certain areas at certain times (Birmingham City Council v. Shafi Ellis). Nevertheless, the autonomous meaning of charged with a criminal offence under Article 6(2) of the ECHR 1950 means the ECtHR could develop an anti-subversion device to stop legislatures from evading the extra safeguards for criminal proceedings simply by considering them as civil (Engel v. Netherlands). Both of these lines were attempted by the appellants in Clingham v. Royal Borough of Kensington Chelsea; R (on behalf of McCann) v. Crown Court of Manchester (at paragraph 83, per Lord Hope of Craighead) when the House of Lords had to determine whether the process of making an ASBO were to be considered civil or criminal and the unanimous decision was that the proceedings were civil although the standard of proof should be applied sensitively. In conclusion, it is clear there is an appreciation of the need to safeguard the human rights of children and young people within UK society as part of the criminal justice system. This is because, as has been reflected upon at the start of this essay, the labelling of children or young people as criminal can prove extremely detrimental to their future development in view of the way in which children and young people within the UK are perceived of in society as a whole. Therefore, there is a clear need to show an appreciation of children and young peoples human rights within the criminal justice system since where their are rights are not effectively recognised they may be subjected to unneccessary punishment. However, as has already been stated as part of this discussion, it is not only criminal proceedings through the courts that have posed a problem to the recognition of children and young peoples human rights. This is because, although government policy makers have looked to endorse the use of alternative civil procedures to court proceedings such as ASBOs, civil procedures value have still been called into question for contravening human rights in relation to the rights to liberty and to a fair trial under the ECHR 1950.

Argumentative Synthesis Free Essays

In Mr. Siemiesz’s chapter he explained about the National Security Consequences of U. S Oil Dependence and how it could be fixed and changed for the best interest of the country; Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Argumentative Synthesis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Siemiesz outlined specific points or steps the country could take to make those changes he outlined in the chapter. â€Å"Those major energy suppliers from Russia to Iraq to Venezuela have been increasingly able and willing to use their resources to pressure their strategic and political objectives. That these country’s are consuming less oil less then all of the other countries especially the United States. The Fact is that the U. S. makes up to 4. 6% of the world’s population but uses 25% of the world’s oil. So the challenge of this is over the next several years the U. S. needs to slow down and stop consuming a lot of Oil and hopefully find new ways to find energy†. In Mr. Franco’s chapter â€Å"205 ways to save the Earth† explains several ways to save the planet; the author of the chapter Thomas L. Friedman speaks in his article about the word â€Å"Green† and how that term is used, he continued in the article to say that people need to find ways to improve the environment and recommended that it is in the best interest of the world to preserve the world he goes into ways for example like citizens of the world should being recycling and to help beautify the planet. Mr. Franco’s chapter concludes that the countries of the world have to learn better ways to improve the environment for everyone. The basic proposition behind the science of climate change is so firmly rooted in the laws of physics that no reasonable person can dispute it. All other things being equal, adding carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere—by, for example, burning millions of tons of oil, coal and natural gas—will make it warm up. That, as the Nobel Prize–winning chemist Svante Arrhenius first explained in 1896, is because CO2 is relatively transparent to visible light from the sun, which heats the planet during the day. But it is relatively opaque to infrared, which the earth tries to reradiate back into space at night. If the planet were a featureless, monochromatic billiard ball without mountains, oceans, vegetation and polar ice caps, a steadily rising concentration of CO2 would mean a steadily warming earth†. The earth’s temperature can go up and destroy the polar ice caps and kills a lot of fish and raise the water and flood states. Crops are going to dry out so we can’t eat anything. People are taking advantage of it and destroying our planet. â€Å"The Greenhouse Effect is also comparing to global warming that it is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface, energy is transferred to the surface and the lower atmosphere†. As a result, the temperature there is higher than it would be if direct heating by solar radiation were the only warming mechanism. Global warming of the Earth’s surface and lower atmosphere is believed to be the result of a strengthening of the greenhouse effect mostly due to human-produced increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface, energy is transferred to the surface and the lower atmosphere. In Mr. Anderson’s chapter explains to the reader how Oil is critical to the U. S. Economy and how their aren’t any viable alternatives that the author believes will set the United States on the path to energy independence; The Author Price continued to say that â€Å"politicians and environmentalist misled Americans about the realities of energy which lead to legislation that hurts America in the global marketplace† Price believes that they truly don’t understand what is going on when it comes to the environment and he continued saying that is why the United States is so dependable on foreign oil. Mr. Anderson’s chapter concludes with the following â€Å"price admits American imports of crude are high but sees no feasible alternative. The demand for energy in America is simply great and oil is simply to important for the economy†. How to cite Argumentative Synthesis, Essays

Service Marketing and Relationship Marketing Service Encounter

Question: Discuss about the Service Marketing and Relationship Marketing for Service Encounter. Answer: Discussion Service encounter encompasses the interaction between the organization and its customers. It measures the degree to which organizations are able to provide enough customer satisfaction through their service (Noone et al., 2012). Quay Restaurant is extremely popular through providing personal and rich experience to the customers. It is one of the best original cuisines, where purity of flavor, texture and balance is paramount. With an intension to provide genuine and personalized experience to the customers, the restaurant has divided the whole service process into front stage service and back stage service (Gazzoli et al., 2013). Each of front and back stage operation has unique functionality towards serving the customers in customized way. Service encounter in Quay Restaurant is measured through customers arrival at the restaurant to dispose the leftover and leave. The above flow chart suggests the front stage and back stage operation Quay Restaurant. I have realized that in front s tage operation, the restaurant has attractive external appearance, which gives its exact overview. The restaurant has their own customized website from where the customers can get its ideas (Ryu et al., 2012). After entering into the restaurant, the customers can see the menu printed on the wall and quickly select their own preferred menu. Apart from wall menu, the restaurant has also paper menus and takeaway items, which facilitates the customers to scrutinize the menu items. The restaurant provides memorable dining experience to the customers through diversified Australian ingredients cooked with passion and immigration (Kang Hyun, 2012). Knowledgeable, warm and professional staffs of the restaurant have extended the genuine hospitality in service. The restaurant has large display for various food items on offers so that the customers can identify those easily. The customers can avail separate counter for each of the food items, which is extremely comfortable to the customers. Apart from providing regular restaurant service, this organization also provides scope to book it for the occasion like wedding, birthday and others (Bradley et al., 2013). Self-serve counter with different sauces and cutlery and napkins provide extra benefit to the customers. Customers can also enjoy ambient candlelight dinner with soft jazz music, which is extremely entertaining to them (Sderlund, 2013). For the entertainment facility of the customers, the restaurant has TV set on its wall. After entering into the restaurant, the customers get warm welcome by the reception staffs and stand in the queue for placing order for their food. In the cash counter section, the staffs make smooth payment for the customer orders and handover the receipt to them. After receiving the receipt, the customers move towards the specific food counter and hand over the receipt to the staff. The staffs verify the receipt and provide food and drinks to the customers. I have also understood that in front stage operation, the restaurant has table with movable chairs. Customers can seat on their preferred chair after receiving the food items. Back stage operations of this restaurant do not necessarily have direct interaction with the customers. These kinds of service operation have indirect interaction with the customers but have major impact on the satisfaction level of the customers. Back stage employees are responsible for registration system of the restaurant in case of booking in occasion. Apart from that, I have noticed that back stage employees are responsible for preparing food for the customers in customizable manner. They need to prepare high quality and hygienic food for satisfying the customers (Lai et al., 2014). Furthermore, in order to keep the floor clean, the back stage employees take care of daily cleaning of the restaurant. Managerial implication is referred by utilization of practical information for making practical decision. It is denoted as the recommendation to be offered by the managers to keep the restaurant service up to customer satisfaction level. Furthermore, it also provides the mechanism to enhance the service quality of the restaurant. From my perspective, I can say that the manger of the restaurant should hire efficient web developer for designing attractive web page for the restaurant. Apart from that, the manager should also hire talented interior designers for making attractive eye-soothing interior design of the restaurant (Sharma Wu, 2015). Reception desk of any restaurant is very vital, as it creates first impression of the restaurant to the customers. In case of reception desk, the manager of Quay Restaurant should hire most talented and influential employee, who can interact with the customers effectively. They should provide warm welcome to the customers in personalized manner. From my point of view, the manager of the restaurant should effectively lead the staff to offer skillful and dedicative service to the customers. It is the responsibility of the manager to understand the unique needs of the customers and suggests the staffs to provide service accordingly (Kim Lee, 2012). Apart from that, the demands of the customers are changing day by day according to changing life style. Therefore, the manager of Quay Restaurant should train the staffs as per those changing needs to meet those needs of the customers. The manager should also ensure effective coordination among each department of the restaurant so that no service gap is arose. Effective restaurant manager also ensures proper planning for smooth operation of every department. The major managerial implication of the restaurant lies in handling customer complaints effectively (Kang Hyun, 2012). The manager should immediately resolve the customer complaints before it destroy the reputation of the custo mers. All the information concerning the customer service of the restaurant should be updated to the manager to ensure its smooth operation. Apart from that, the manager should sometimes visit the customer table to ensure that they are actually satisfied by the service. Conclusion While concluding study, it can be said that Quay Restaurant is highly popular for its customized and personalized service to the customers. The restaurant has divided its whole operation in to two stages namely front stage operation and back stage operation. Front stage operation of the restaurant has direct interaction with the customers. 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