How can a company create value - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2313 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Discuss, with the aid of examples, how a company can create value THEORETICAL BASIS FOR VALUE CREATION Companies create value by investing capital to generate future cash flows through its business operations at a rate exceeding the cost of capital. Numerically, the value of a company can be defined as the sum of present values of free cash flows (FCF) expected in the future, and is given by the mathematical expression, Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How can a company create value?" essay for you Create order where FCFt is the free cash flow in year t, and WACC is the weighted average cost of capital. This can be simplified into the expression, where NOPLAT1 is the net operating profit less adjusted taxes in the first year, ROIC is the return on invested capital, and g is the annual rate at which FCF grows (Koller, 2010). When the investment rate is constant and NOPLAT is proportional to the revenues, the revenues of a company will also grow at the same rate g as the cash flows. Thus from the above expression, the value of a company is driven by its revenue growth (g) and the return of invested capital (ROIC). Figure 1 shows a contour plot of value vs. growth and ROIC with a NOPLAT of 100 and WACC at 10%. Figure 1: Contour Plot of Value vs. g and ROIC It is clear from the contour plot that higher growth leads to increase in value, but only when ROIC is greater than WACC. It is also evident from the arrows on Fig.1 that in order to create value, higher growth companies should focus on increasing ROIC and higher ROIC companies focus on growth. From the above theoretical basis, it is evident that in order to increase their value, companies must undertake activities that result in growing the business and/ or increasing the return on invested capital (ROIC) as appropriate, while avoiding short-term growth in free cash flows (and dividends) achieved by cutting down on investments that could increase the value on a longer term. As a corollary, if a company undertakes actions that do not produce incremental cash flows, then there is no additional value created. Activities such as share repurchases and financial engineering do not generally create value for this reason. Grullion and Michaely have demonstrated statistically that dividends and repurchases are substitutes (2002, p.1682). However share repurchases could help avoid value destruction, when a company has a high likelihood of investing cash at low returns (Koller, 2010). EXAMPLES OF ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN BY COMPANIES TO CREATE VALUE Gaining Competitive Advantage A companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ROIC depends directly on its competitive advantage enabling it to charge a price premium on its products and services or produce them more efficiently (at lower cost or lower capital), or both. Companies can charge a price premium if they produce innovative and high quality products, build a great brand and through customer lock-in. In commodities or commoditised products and services, rational price discipline by the players in the industry can help keep up the lower bound on prices. Cost and capital efficiencies can be built through innovative business and operating models, leveraging economies of scale and through scalable products. Product Innovation. Tesla Motorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ electric cars are good examples of product innovation as a strategy adopted by a company. Their Model S has economy, performance and range (over 200 miles) as the key differentiating factors over other competitors, with a price premium well over $25,000 on comparable electric cars (Davis, 2013). Product Quality. While reputation for quality products helps to charge a price premium (as in the case of BMW and Audi cars), product quality programmes such as Six Sigma have been demonstrated to reduce unit cost of products/ services in Bank One, Lockheed Martin, Stanford Hospital and Clinics and of course General Electric (George, M., 2003). Brand Creation. Samsung spent over $4.3 billion in advertising, ranking in brand value at 9 from 53 (Forbes). Their products such as Ultrabooks demand premiums prices well over the other competitors and on par with Appleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s laptops. Brands also drive volumes as evidenced by Coca-cola and McDonalds, leading to value creation through economies of scale (Forbes). Innovative Business Methods. Structuring the business model and operations to reduce waste and complexity can result in significant cost efficiencies. Southwest Airlines avoided complexity by operating only one type of aircraft (Boeing 737) in contrast to American Airlines which operated up to 14 different types of aircraft during 1996-2001. As a result, Southwest had about 40% lesser cost of airline operations per seat-mile during in 2001 compared to American Airlines, while its share price doubled (George, M., 2004, p.6-8) Growth Initiatives When ROIC is high, growth drives value quickly as seen in Figure 1. The following are a couple of examples of how companies create value through growth Create New Markets There is perhaps no better example than tablet computers for the creation of a new market. Apple identified a market gap and released a revolutionary new product, iPad. Within the first quarter, iPad became Appleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s third largest revenue segment surpassing iPod (https://www.businessinsider.com/chart-of-the-day-ipad-ipod-mac-2010-7). Persuade existing customers to buy more Insurance companies such as Aviva offer loyalty discounts to persuade its car insurance customers to buy home of life insurance thus driving growth. Technology companies such as Samsung attract customers to buy other products such as Galaxy Gear watch by offering integration with its phones. Also, technology companies persuade their customers to buy compatible accessories for phones and tablets. Granular growth In order to determine the areas of growth within the portfolio, a high level cut by business or geography is not sufficient. According to Baghai (2009, p.88-89), a granular analysis to identify micro-segments of customers, geographies, regions and products is essential, before investing in RD, advertising and other growth investments. Baghai gives an example of a semiconductor manufacturer who reallocated 30% of RD resources to highly promising segments resulting in faster than the market growth within two years. Mergers Acquisitions Jack Welch, the CEO of General Electric during 1981-2001 adopted a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fix, sell or closeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  strategy for underperforming business units. In the first four years of his tenure, he divested 117 business units, accounting for 20% of GEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assets. It is well known the GEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s share during his 20 year tenure rose by 4000%. According to a study performed on 200 companies during 1900-2000, on an average, $100 invested in January 1990 in a company actively managing its business portfolio would be worth $459 by the end of the decade, while that same $100 would have grown to only $353 if invested in company passively managing its business portfolio (Dranikoff, 2002, p.75-76). This approach to fix, sell or close based on value can be applied to the portfolio of products and service offerings of a company in order to increase its value. Explain how to value companies using the cash flow-based approach and the difficulties that may arise in the application of such an approach in the real-world. The enterprise DCF method discounts free cash flows (FCF), available to all investors including equity holders, debt holders and non-equity investors, at the weighted average cost of capital (WACC). Enterprise DCF method is a carried out as shown in the process below (Koller, 2010): Determine the value operations of a company by discounting FCF at WACC Identify and value non-operating assets such as nonconsolidated subsidiaries, equity investment, and add it to the value of operations to obtain the enterprise value Identify and value all debt and non-equity claims such as unfunded pension liabilities, employee stock options, etc. Subtract the non-equity value from the enterprise value to obtain equity value. Calculate the price per share by dividing the equity value by current number of undiluted shares. Valuing Operations Using DCF method to value operations requires a forecast of future FCF and WACC at which cash flows must be discounted. Historical values of FCF and WACC are necessary before they could be forecasted. To calculate FCF for past and current years, NOPLAT and change in Invested Capital are obtained first from the rearranged financial statements, from which FCF is derived. ROIC is then calculated as the ratio of NOPLAT to the Invested Capital. The figures thus obtained are used to perform historical analysis of the company, especially to understand how the value drivers, namely ROIC and growth have behaved in the past, in order to estimate their future values. Forecasts for ROIC and growth are determined using sell-side analysis. FCF forecasts are obtained from the forecasts for NOPLAT and Invested Capital derived. A major difficulty in this process is that these forecasts cannot be projected beyond a few years. Therefore, the Continuing Value of the company must be added to the Present Value of the FCF projected for the forecasted years. The value of the operations thus determined is given by the expression (Koller, 2010): Value of Operations = PV of FCF during forecast period + Continuing Value (which is the PV of FCF during the years beyond the forecast period). NOPLAT in the year following the forecast period is required to calculate Continuing Value. RONIC (return on new capital) and growth (g) are calculated as long run forecasts. WACC is required both to discount cash flows during the forecast period as well as to determine the continuing value. It is calculated as a blended rate of the cost of capital of equity (ke) and debt (kd). Koller (2010, p.113) gives the following expression for WACC: where D is the debt and E the equity of a company at market values, while Tm is the marginal tax rate. Applying a constant WACC to determine the present value of all future cash flows is based on the assumption that the capital structure (debt to equity ratio) is constant throughout the future. This is however not true in real life. WACC can be adjusted to account for the lack of stability in debt to equity ratio, but the process is very complicated. Instead, it is recommended that Adjusted Present Value (APV) method be used in such circumstances (Koller, 2010). Some of the real world problems faced while valuing companies could be summarised as below: Company financial statements provide only historical data while DCF method requires future projections of FCF and WACC. It is not easy to obtain forecasts beyond a few years Assuming WACC to be constant throughout is not realistic and can skew the results Significant changes in debt to equity ratio can make cash flow based valuation a very difficult exercise According to Jacobs and Shivdasani (2012. p.119-124), the following are some specific practical issues identified in a survey conducted by Association for Finance Professionals (AFP): Forecast horizon varies significantly among the practitioners (5-15 years) While cost of equity (required to calculate WACC) is estimated using Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) by most respondents, the definitions of factors used in this method, viz., risk free rate, market premium and beta varied significantly (eg. beta period from 1-5 years). Similarly, inconsistent definitions of cost of debt (required for WACC calculation) were reported to be used by the respondents Nearly 50% of the respondents of a survey conducted by Association of Finance Professionals (AFP) admitted that the discount rate (WACC) they use is likely to be 1% more or less than the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s true rate. This becomes a key issue in valuation as it has been shown that a 1% drop in the cost of capital could influence the US companies to invest an additional $150 billion over three years. Over half of the respondents have using book value of equity instead of market value to calculate debt to equity ratio (required for WACC). But in real life the difference can be 10 fold (eg. IBM, Delta Airlines) resulting in WACC to be underestimated by about 2-3%. Valuation of Non-Operating Assets Enterprise value is obtained by adding the value of non-operating assets to the operating value. Non-operating assets include non-consolidated subsidiaries, excess cash, tradable securities and customer financing arms. Net income from non-consolidated subsidiaries cannot be included in the free cash flows to calculate value as it will distort the margins due to the fact that the corresponding revenues are not recognised in this calculation. Therefore, they must be valued separately. A practical difficulty in this process is the level of accuracy in estimating the value of non-consolidated subsidiaries due to the fact that it depends on how much other companies owing these subsidiaries disclose the required information (Koller, 2010). Identifying and Valuing Non-equity Claims In order to obtain equity value, the value of non-equity claims (such as interest bearing debt, unfunded pensions, capitalised operating leases and employee stock options) must be subtracted from the enterprise value. Due to increasingly complex financial markets, it is very difficult to identify certain non-equity claims such as Special Investment Vehicles (SIV) in real life, since SIVs are registered as separate legal entities and the originating banks are not contractually responsible for the debt. References Baghai, M., Smit, S., and Viguerie, P . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Is Your Growth Strategy Flying Blind?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Harvard Business Review, May 2009. Davies, A. and Nudelman, M. Heres How Teslas Model S Compares To Other Top Electric Cars, Business Inisder. Available from: https://www.businessinsider.com/electric-car-comparison-chart-2013-8) [Accessed 01 March 2014]. Dranikoff, L., Koller, T. and Schneider, A. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Divestiture: Strategyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Missing Linkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Harvard Business Review, May 2002 Forbes, 2014. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Most Valuable Brandsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Available from: https://www.forbes.com/powerful-brands/list/ [Accessed 03 March 2014]. Frommer D., 2010. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"CHART OF THE DAY: The iPad Is Already Bigger Than The iPod And Half As Big As The Mac. Available from https://www.businessinsider.com/chart-of-the-day-ipad-ipod-mac-2010-7 [Accessed 03 March 2014]. George, M. and Wilson, S., 2004. Conquering Complexity In Your Business. 1st ed. London: McGraw-Hill. George, M., 2003. Lean Six Sigma for Service. 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Grullion, G. and Michaely, R., 2002. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Dividends, Share Repurchases, and the Substitution Hypothesisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Journal of Finance, Vol LVII, No.4. Jacobs, M. and Shivdasani, A. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Do You Know Your Cost Of Capital?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Harvard Business Review, July-Aug 2012, p.119-124. Koller, T., Goedhart, M. and Wessels, D., 2010. Valuation: Measuring and Managing the Value of Companies. 5th ed. New Jersey: John Wiley.

Governmental Regulation And “Red Tape” Is Often The Target

Governmental regulation and â€Å"red tape† is often the target of the people who see an ineffective government and a bloated public administration. Red tape is the complex process which administrators much go through to solve a problem or conduct normal business. Regulations are additional requirements for businesses and the people which may have the potential to harm the economy. Red tape and regulations are the problem with this nations bureaucracy. To demonstrate this problem, two models of bureaucratic dysfunction will be explored. This examination will be followed by a discussion of the bureaucratic problem. The public bureaucracy has always been the target of great scrutiny. The have been seen as unproductive and/or hungry for power.†¦show more content†¦Trained incapacity occurs when an individual relies upon previous training to such an extent that they will mold a situation to fit their training even if it does not. 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Cloud Computing in Robotics Second Party Infrastructure

Question: Describe about the Cloud Computing in Robotics for Second Party Infrastructure. Answer: Introduction Cloud computing is the use of second party infrastructure for various computing options. The cloud computing allows sharing of the hardware that helps in better utilization of resources, thus saving computing costs involved for the installation of dedicated software. Also the real time sharing of data ensures better connectivity and data sharing between the nodes. Robotics is use of mechanized automatic machines for easing the human tasks. So it can be understood that the cloud in robotics deals with the interconnected robots that are connected to a based server and can share the data in real time for serving the purpose (Nagrath et al. 2013). In this case, the bots (robots) will be connected to the cloud services that are provided by Nectar Cloud environment. The bots that are light weight mobile robots will be equipped with the RGB-D cameras and the communication devices for internet connectivity for sharing the data with the other bots and these data will be used on the cloud plat form itself for dynamic mapping of the environment (Kehoe et al. 2015). Since mapping the environment is a difficult task hence multiple robots are used for the mapping the different section of the environment, the data will be shared and will be made available on the cloud, where the data will be analyzed to generate the 3D map of the environment. For this purpose the bots will be programmed with situational awareness which will be driven by the intelligent sensors and distributed reconnaissance, etc. Project Description The cloud robotics is the stream in which the robotics are implemented with the help of the cloud services like cloud computing, storage, etc. this combination will impart various features that are available for robots and the cloud services (Koken 2015). Since the computation on premise is totally reduced, the robots that are developed is lighter compared to the others, also the on premise computation introduces many complex computation during the compilation of the data. The cloud services enable the data to be retrieved in real time and can be compared with the other bots thus making is much more effective compared to the other systems (Agostinho et al. 2011). For implementation of the system, the mobile bots have been designed that can communicate continuously for 3D mapping of the environment. The mapping is done with the help of advanced sensors that are installed in the system. The multiple robotic systems that has been created interacts in real time to generate the data. Project Aim This project is mainly aimed to demonstrate the advantages of the cloud robotics over the huge computing process. Along with that, this project is also aimed to explore the environmental issue with the cloud robotics and to identify the benefits of the future robotics applications in regards to the cloud robotics over the traditional networked robots. Project Objectives The objective is to offloading the mechanism of calculation from the customer and giving access to the constant server. The mass of the robots can be reduced by the movement of data processing procedure into the cloud environment. Literature Review The wireless communication technology has given a large amount of mobility to the present technology (Rudas 2012). The cloud technology has enabled a scope of better communication between the robots and the autonomous systems, which will relieve the systems of the onboard computations, thus making the systems independent of the hardware peripherals like the memory, also reducing the amount of computations and the programming involved for the onboard computations (Goldberg and Kehoe 2013). The surveys that have been done by the authors have also presented the works that have been done previously on empowering the machines by better communication among the machines. In their paper Hu Tay and Wen (2012) have also presented a similar view on the impact of better communication on the machines. The authors state that the cloud presents various advantages on the system which are namely the big data, which allows better access to the various online resources thus allowing better information availability (Gherardi, Hunziker and Mohanarajah 2014). Cloud computing which enable an online platform which can be used as a substitute to the traditional onboard communication system (Kehoe et al. 2013). Also the collective learning of the robots will also make the learning more intensive making the system more versatile compared to the standalone system. Better human interaction has also been possible with the help of the technologies thus helping in better tapping of the human skills. Turnbull and Samanta (2013) in their paper present the creation of a multiple robot system that is controlled by the formation control over a cloud network. For the implementation of the system a single virtual machine was created on a local cloud and robots with minimal hardware was created. The authors Alamo Benito and Carranza (2013) in their paper have discussed the architecture that could be used for the mobile cloud robotics. The authors have explained the implementation of the cloud platfor m for the implementation of the robotic systems, they state that the cloud platform reduces the computational hardware that were needed for the analyzing the data. Since every device can be connected to the internet, they can be used for collecting the huge amount of data can be used for Big Data and usable information can be retrieved from them. Kamei et al. (2012) have worked in a novel project to develop a network for the robots that is based on the cloud technology that will be used by the elderly people. Since a standalone system introduces a huge amount of pressure on the device, hence the cloud technology has been proposed thus making the system more versatile as the devices can be switched off according to the needs without affecting the performance of the system (Guizzo and Deyle 2012). In this paper the authors have discussed the current status and the open issues have been discussed in detail, as the emergence of the technologies as the cloud computing and big data presen t a huge potential to deal with the various issues (Ren 2012). The authors state that the technologies can be used for various novel projects which will help in improving the human life. In this aspect the author have presented the issues related to the technology and the possible solutions to it (Wan et al. 2016). Thus it can be seen that the authors of various literature have presented the scope of the project which can be implemented for solving issues. Project Implementation The popularity of the service robots have been increased very rapidly from the last decade. The robots are implemented in terms of helping the human beings in their daily life schedule (Mohanarajah et al. 2015). The Cloud Robotics is nothing but the field of robotics that makes an attempt for invoking the cloud computing like cloud storage, cloud computing as well as the other internet technologies those are centred on the advantages of the shared services as well as converged infrastructure for robotics (Liu et al. 2014). The robots can benefits from the potential communications, storage as well as the computational resources of the modern data centre in the loud while connected to the cloud (Agero and Veloso 2012). Human beings can easily delegate jobs towards the robots through the networks remotely (Chen et al. 2013). The technologies of cloud computing can make enable the robot systems to be endowed with the potential ability during the reduction of the costs with the help of th e cloud technologies (Wang and Meng 2012). Therefore, it is possible for building the smarter, low cost as well as lightweight robots have the intelligent brain in the cloud. There are six important as well as major components of cloud for robotics. The most popular cloud robotics project is the Distributed agent with Collective Intelligence (Rusu and Cousins 2011). Cloud Robotics have several future robotic applications. These future applications can hugely benefit from the cloud robotics that give several advantages over the contemporary networked robots (Kato et al. 2011). One of those benefits is the capability of offloading the tasks those are computation intensive towards the cloud. Only the robots require keeping essential actuators, sensors as well as the fundamental processing power in terms of enabling the real time actions (Tenorth et al. 2013). Apart from that, in this scenario, the robotic platform becomes less expensive as well as lighter and the battery life is extend ed with easier for maintaining hardware. Apart from that, another significant future robotic application is the capability of accessing the huge amount of data. Project Implementation Techniques For implementation of the system, the mobile bots have been designed that can communicate continuously for 3D mapping of the environment. The mapping is done with the help of advanced sensors that are installed in the system. The multiple robotic systems that have been created interacts in real time to generate the data. It is a very important point that the robots can easily acquire the knowledge as well as the information in terms of executing tasks with the help of the databases in the cloud (Doriya, Chakraborty and Nandi 2012). Therefore, they dont need to operate with the maintenance as well as the creation or the implementation of such data (Ferrat 2013). Besides that, another important as well as the significant future application of the cloud robotics is simply the potential for accessing to the shared knowledge as well as the new skills (Dhiyanesh 2012). This is because, the cloud gives a medium towards the robots for sharing information as well as learning new knowledge and skills from each other (Jordn et al. 2013). Therefore, the cloud can simply host the library or the database of behaviours or skills that can map to the distinct environmental complications as well as the requirements of the tasks (Rastkar et al. 2012). Due to the advantages of the applications, the robotics in the cloud environment has a wide range of essential applications in the computation intensive or the data intensive tasks in the areas of environment monitoring, defence, education, entertainment, smart home, health care as well as the intelligent transportation (Proia, Simshaw and Hauser 2015). The most significant fact is that the cloud technology has enabled the scope of better communication between the robots and the autonomous systems, which will relieve the systems of the onboard computations, thus making the systems independent of the hardware peripherals like the memory, also reducing the amount of computations and the programming involved for the onboard computation s (Guizzo 2011). Therefore, in order to provide the proper evidences, the researcher has conducted a survey among fifty people who are working in the cloud or he cloud robotics environment. This research has also presented the works that have been done previously on empowering the machines by better communication among the machines. Results and Findings How far do you think that Cloud Robotics is advantageous for the huge computing process? (Referred to Appendix 1) During conducting the entire survey, the researcher reached to the proper finding as well as the result of this particular research. While the question was raised to the participants whether the cloud robotics is advantageous in terms of accomplishing the huge computing process then most of the respondents have given the positive response as their answers of this particular question. According to the graphical representation plotted above, it can be seen that 40 % of the respondents have been agreed to the question asked to them. The cloud computing has several advantages over the huge computing processes. Thus most of the respondents have been agreed to this particular question simply because of the fact that the distributed agent with collective intelligence (DAVANCI) gives the large area mapping as well as localization along with it towards the huge process of computing. In case of collective intelligence, it is the group or shared intelligence that emerges from the competition, c ollective efforts as well as collaboration of several individuals and appears in the consensus decision making process. On the other hand, the distributed collective intelligence can be referred to the utility of the number of the simple agents for producing collectively the intelligent behaviour. These particular agents can easily generate the self organized system that has no centralized control structure by implementing them distributed. Apart from that, every different individual agent has the simple protocols which govern its local behaviours. Besides that, these simple local communications between agents as well as with the environment spawn more complicated international behaviours. 2. How far do you think that environmental security is the significant issue of the cloud robotics? (Referred to Appendix 2) During conducting the entire survey, the researcher reached to the proper finding as well as the result of this particular research. While the question was raised to the participants whether the environmental security is one of the major issues of the cloud robotics then most of the respondents have given the positive response as their answers of this particular question. According to the graphical representation plotted above, it can be seen that 62 % of the respondents have been agreed to the point of the question asked to them. This is simply because, the users as well as the concentration of the resources of computing in the environment of the cloud computing can easily represents the concentration of the threats of the security attacks. On the other hand, the most of the respondents have been agreed with the fact that the environments of cloud are often targeted due to their significance as well as the size by the brute force attacks, bot malware and the virtual machines as well as the other kinds of security attacks or threats. 3. How far do you think that the cloud robotics has several applications in several different fields of Operations? (Referred to Appendix 3) During conducting the entire survey, the researcher reached to the proper finding as well as the result of this particular research. While the question was raised to the participants regarding the applications of the cloud robotics then most of the respondents have given the positive response as their answers of this particular question. According to the graphical representation plotted above, it can be seen that 60 % of the respondents have been agreed to the point of the question asked to them. The three major applications of the cloud robotics are the autonomous mobile robots, industrial robots as well as the cloud medical robots. In case of the autonomous cars, the cloud robots are the self driving cars of Google. The cars utilize the networks in terms of accessing the enormous database of maps and the environment as well as the satellite model of Google and make a combination with data streaming from GPS as well as the 3D sensors for monitoring its position within the centimetre s and with current as well as past patterns of traffic for avoiding collisions. On the other hand, in case of the cloud medical robots, the medical cloud is comprised of several services like clinic solutions, analytics services, practice service, a patient health management system, electronic medical records, disease archive and many others. Apart from that, few cloud based robot systems can easily learn the process of handling the tasks like threading cables or wires or aligning gaskets from the basis of the professional knowledge. Such a group of robots can effectively share the details or information for few tasks those are collaborative in nature. On the other hand, a consumer even more is capable of ordering the customized product in terms of manufacturing directly the robots with the system of ordering via online. 4. How far do you think that Nectar Cloud Services provide the flexible scalable computing power? (Referred to Appendix 4) While conducting the entire survey, the researcher reached to the proper finding as well as the result of this particular research. While the question was raised to the participants regarding the features of the Nectar Cloud Services then most of the respondents have given the positive response as their answers of this particular question. According to the graphical representation plotted above, it can be seen that 66 % of the respondents have been agreed to the point of the question asked to them. Their positive responses clearly states that Nectar Cloud Services give the computing power, which scalable as well as flexible enough to all the researchers of Australia with the computing services, software as well as infrastructure that permit the research community for running, accessing and storing data autonomously, rapidly as well as remotely. On the other hand, another significant point in association with this particular feature of the Nectar Cloud Services is that the structure o f the Nectar cloud self service permits efficient, fast desktop access to the data as well as the potential collaboration platform. The robots that were planned for the process each were embedded with smart sensors that gave the bots their senses for deciding the course of action for each bots, which communicates with each other with the help of internet. 5. How far do you think that the future robotic applications would greatly benefit from the cloud robotics that provide the benefits over the traditional networked robots? (Referred to Appendix 5) While conducting the entire survey, the researcher reached to the proper finding as well as the result of this particular research. While the question was raised to the participants regarding the future applications of the Cloud Robotics then most of the respondents participated in the survey have given the positive response as their answers of this particular question. According to the graphical representation plotted above, it can be seen that 66 % of the respondents have been agreed to the point of the question asked to them. This is simply because of the fact that there are several advantages those can be got from the future robotic applications. One of those benefits of the capability of offloading the tasks those are computation intensive towards the cloud. Only the robots require to keep essential actuators, sensors as well as the fundamental processing power in terms of enabling the real time actions. On the other hand, in this scenario, the robotic platform becomes less expe nsive as well as lighter and the battery life is extended with easier for maintaining hardware. Apart from that, another significant future robotic application is the capability of accessing the huge amount of data. It is a very important point that the robots can easily acquire the knowledge as well as the information in terms of executing tasks with the help of the databases in the cloud. Therefore, they dont need to operate with the maintenance as well as the creation or the implementation of such data. Besides that, another important as well as the significant future application of the cloud robotics is simply the potential for accessing to the shared knowledge as well as the new skills. This is because, the cloud gives a medium towards the robots for sharing information as well as learning new knowledge and skills from each other. Therefore, the cloud can simply host the library or the database of behaviours or skills that can map to the distinct environmental complications as well as the requirements of the tasks. Project Testing Quantitative or Qualitative In terms of conducting this entire research both of the descriptive as well as the exploratory study had been undertaken in terms of summoning this particular research work. Therefore, the exploratory study has mainly assisted to the best deal with the issues those adhere the part of the topic of this particular research that is the cloud robotics. On the other hand, during the descriptive study aided for describing the characteristics of the variables those were incorporated in this particular scenario. Thus, this particular research or study consists of both of the quantitative as well as the qualitative data. Sources of data the data sources or the sources of the information for this particular research which is based on the cloud robotics were mainly of types of sources such as the secondary as well as the primary sources of collecting data. Therefore, getting the survey filled was that approach in terms of collecting data for this particular research. At the time of the conduction of the secondary tool of information was mainly based on the internet, magazines as well as the newspaper. Questionnaire or the Survey - The questionnaire or the survey arranged among few participants was the less expensive way with the help of which the updated data can be easily collected regarding the topic. On the other hand, the appeal of the survey or the questionnaire can be wide as the other collections medium. Apart from that, it has simply permitted the most feasible approach or the path for approaching towards the huge number of people for getting the statistical analysis of the outcomes. On the other hand, the questions those were made in a well designed manner could not only aid for collecting the data of an individual. However, it also helped in terms of analyzing the data in the most effective as well as with the help of the best manner regarding the provided topic of this particular research that is the cloud robotics. Well managed questions are also able to help the readers in terms of depicting the image of minds of people about the society as well as the culture under t he providing subject or the topic as well. Improvement of the Testing Process - In order to examine the results of this research, the Likert Scale process is necessary and it is important in this scenario. On the other hand, however, the SPSS as well as the other simulated tools can also be utilized in terms of taking out the proper outcomes of the research. Nevertheless, the sampling of the aforementioned outcomes is not also so much unique but it s still reliable as well as feasible. Therefore, it is the process of Survey or questionnaire with the help of which the researcher can easily get the outcomes of the research. Project Management and Schedule or Milestones Project Plan and Deliverables No of WEEK Scheduling of the task 1st week Seeking of time from the supervisor of this particular project 2nd week The topic of cloud computing in the mobile robotics should be evaluated carefully 3rd week Proposal for the project should be submitted 4th week Collection of feedback as well as the comments about the topic 5th week Collection of the data as well as the research work for the proposed topic of robotics in the cloud 6th week Finalization of the report as well as the documentation 7th week Submission of the mid semester report 8th week Preparation of the feedback report 9th week Analyzing the final data through questionnaire 10th week Documentation should be prepared on detailed description 11th week Organization of the entire work as well as the preparation of the final 12th week Finalization of the presentation as well as the practice of delivering the presentation 13th week Submission of the final report as well as the oral presentation Week 1 - Seeking of time from supervisor of the project In this week the discussion should takes place with the supervisor for the tools, the infrastructure, operating system, and others used in the development of the robotics based on cloud computing. Week 2 - The topic of cloud computing in mobile robotics should be evaluated carefully The topic should be modularize and distributed among the team member for carrying out their work by keeping aim and objective of the proposal. In this week only background and methodology should also be prepared. Week 3 - Proposal for the project should be submitted After the completion of the aim, objective, background, description, and methodology the proposal should be submitted. Week 4 - Collection of feedback and comments about the topic After the submission of the proposal to the supervisor, wait for the response from the supervisor in the form of comments and feedback. Week 5 - Collection of the data and research work for the proposed topic of robotics in the cloud The collected data, comments and feedback helps in preparing the final midterm report on the topic of robotics in cloud computing Week 6 - Finalization of the report and documentation The development of future plans should takes place about research the topic. Simultaneously, the preparation of presentation should takes place. Week 7 - Submission of the mid semester report The report of midterm semester should be submitted to the supervisor. Week 8 - Preparation of the feedback report The supervisor should provide the feedback on the submitted report of midterm semester for doing modification in the proposed report before the submission of the final report. Week 9 - Analyzing the final data through questionnaire Minimum of 10 questions should be prepared for questionnaire to analyze the data. The question should be well defined which covers all the topic and areas of the report Week 10 - Documentation should be prepared on detailed description The data collected by the questionnaire on the proposed topic should be synchronized and organized in the form of diagrams and flowchart. Week 11 - Organization of the entire work and preparation of the final Finalization of the report and organization of the presentation should takes place in this week for analyzing the result of research clearly in the form of facts and figures. Week 12 - Finalization of the presentation as well as the practice of delivering the presentation For the perfection in the oral presentation, the report should be practiced thoroughly. Week 13 - Submission of the final report as well as the oral presentation After preparing the final report, it should be submitted to the supervisor. Conclusion The entire survey conducted among the employees who are engaged with the implementation of the cloud robotics operations has successfully reached all the objectives set for the implementation of this project. According to the result of the survey, it can easily be stated that the distributed agent with collective intelligence (DAVANCI) gives the large area mapping as well as localization along with it towards the huge process of computing (Referred to Appendix 1). On the other hand, this survey has played a crucial role to establish the fact that the users as well as the concentration of the resources of computing in the environment of the cloud computing can easily represent the concentration of the threats of the security attacks (Referred to Appendix 2). Moreover, this report has also successfully identified three major applications of the cloud robotics such as autonomous mobile robots, industrial robots as well as the cloud medical robots with the help of the entire survey condu cted among the employees who are involved in the cloud robotics field (Referred to Appendix 3). In case of the autonomous cars, the cloud robots are the self driving cars of Google. The cars utilize the networks in terms of accessing the enormous database of maps and the environment as well as the satellite model of Google and make a combination with data streaming from GPS as well as the 3D sensors for monitoring its position within the centimetres and with current as well as past patterns of traffic for avoiding collisions. Most importantly, this report has successfully explored the fact that Nectar Cloud Services give the computing power, which scalable as well as flexible enough to all the researchers of Australia with the computing services, software as well as infrastructure that permit the research community for running, accessing and storing data autonomously, rapidly as well as remotely (Referred to Appendix 4). References Agostinho, L., Olivi, L., Feliciano, G., Paolieri, F., Rodrigues, D., Cardozo, E. and Guimaraes, E., 2011, December. A cloud computing environment for supporting networked robotics applications. InDependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing (DASC), 2011 IEEE Ninth International Conference on(pp. 1110-1116). IEEE. Agero, C. and Veloso, M., 2012. Transparent multi-robot communication exchange for executing robot behaviors. InHighlights on Practical Applications of Agents and Multi-Agent Systems(pp. 215-222). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. lamo, J.R., Benito, M. and Carranza, A., 2013. Towards An Architecture for Mobile Cloud Robotics. Chen, M., Ma, Y., Ullah, S., Cai, W. and Song, E., 2013, September. ROCHAS: robotics and cloud-assisted healthcare system for empty nester. InProceedings of the 8th international conference on body area networks(pp. 217-220). ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering). Dhiyanesh, B., 2012, December. Dynamic resource allocation for machine to cloud communications robotics cloud. InEmerging Trends in Electrical Engineering and Energy Management (ICETEEEM), 2012 International Conference on(pp. 451-454). IEEE. Doriya, R., Chakraborty, P. and Nandi, G.C., 2012, December. Robotic services in cloud computing paradigm. InCloud and Services Computing (ISCOS), 2012 International Symposium on(pp. 80-83). IEEE. Ferrat, T., 2013. Cloud Robotics-new paradigm is near.Robotica Educativa y Personal (January 20, 2013). Gherardi, L., Hunziker, D. and Mohanarajah, G., 2014, June. A Software Product Line Approach for Configuring Cloud Robotics Applications. In2014 IEEE 7th International Conference on Cloud Computing(pp. 745-752). IEEE. Goldberg, K. and Kehoe, B., 2013. Cloud robotics and automation: A survey of related work.EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley, Tech. Rep. UCB/EECS-2013-5. Guizzo, E. and Deyle, T., 2012. Robotics trends for 2012.IEEE Robotics Automation Magazine,19(1), pp.119-123. Guizzo, E., 2011. Robots with their heads in the clouds.IEEE Spectrum,3(48), pp.16-18. Hu, G., Tay, W.P. and Wen, Y., 2012. Cloud robotics: architecture, challenges and applications.IEEE Network,26(3), pp.21-28. Jordn, S., Haidegger, T., Kovcs, L., Felde, I. and Rudas, I., 2013, July. The rising prospects of cloud robotic applications. InComputational Cybernetics (ICCC), 2013 IEEE 9th International Conference on(pp. 327-332). IEEE. Kamei, K., Nishio, S., Hagita, N. and Sato, M., 2012. Cloud networked robotics.IEEE Network,26(3), pp.28-34. Kato, Y., Izui, T., Tsuchiya, Y., Narita, M., Ueki, M., Murakawa, Y. and Okabayashi, K., 2011, November. RSi-cloud for integrating Robot Services with internet services. InIECON 2011-37th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society(pp. 2158-2163). IEEE. Kehoe, B., Matsukawa, A., Candido, S., Kuffner, J. and Goldberg, K., 2013, May. Cloud-based robot grasping with the google object recognition engine. InRobotics and Automation (ICRA), 2013 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 4263-4270). IEEE. Kehoe, B., Patil, S., Abbeel, P. and Goldberg, K., 2015. A survey of research on cloud robotics and automation.IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering,12(2), pp.398-409. Koken, B., 2015. Cloud Robotics Platforms.Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems,13(1), pp.26-33. Liu, B., Chen, Y., Hadiks, A., Blasch, E., Aved, A., Shen, D. and Chen, G., 2014. Information fusion in a cloud computing era: a systems-level perspective.IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine,29(10), pp.16-24. Mohanarajah, G., Usenko, V., Singh, M., D'Andrea, R. and Waibel, M., 2015. Cloud-based collaborative 3D mapping in real-time with low-cost robots.IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering,12(2), pp.423-431. Nagrath, V., Morel, O., Malik, A., Saad, N. and Meriaudeau, F., 2013, November. Agent driven peer-to-peer cloud robotics. InCloud robotics workshop, IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS2013). https://? www.? roboearth.? org/? iros2013. Tokyo Big Sight, Japan. Proia, A.A., Simshaw, D. and Hauser, K., 2015. Consumer cloud robotics and the fair information practice principles: Recognizing the challenges and opportunities ahead. Rastkar, S., Quintero, D., Bolivar, D. and Tosunoglu, S., 2012, May. Empowering robots via cloud robotics: image processing and decision making boeBots. InFlorida Conference on Recent Advances in Robotics, Boca Raton, Florida. Ren, F., 2012, November. Robotics cloud and robotics school. InNatural Language Processing andKnowledge Engineering (NLP-KE), 2011 7th International Conference on(pp. 1-8). IEEE. Rudas, I.J., 2012, September. Cloud computing in intelligent robotics. In2012 IEEE 10th Jubilee International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics(pp. 15-15). IEEE. Rusu, R.B. and Cousins, S., 2011, May. 3d is here: Point cloud library (pcl). InRobotics and Automation (ICRA), 2011 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 1-4). IEEE. Tenorth, M., Kamei, K., Satake, S., Miyashita, T. and Hagita, N., 2013, November. Building knowledge-enabled cloud robotics applications using the ubiquitous network robot platform. In2013 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems(pp. 5716-5721). IEEE. Turnbull, L. and Samanta, B., 2013, April. Cloud robotics: Formation control of a multi robot system utilizing cloud infrastructure. InSoutheastcon, 2013 Proceedings of IEEE(pp. 1-4). IEEE. Wan, J., Tang, S., Yan, H., Li, D., Wang, S. and Vasilakos, A.V., 2016. Cloud robotics: current status and open issues.IEEE Access,4, pp.2797-2807. Wang, L. and Meng, M.Q.H., 2012, July. A game theoretical bandwidth allocation mechanism for cloud robotics. InIntelligent Control and Automation (WCICA), 2012 10th World Congress on(pp. 3828-3833). IEEE.

Permit me to introduce myself; i am Charles Baker Harris, known to my friends simply as Dill Essay Example

Permit me to introduce myself; i am Charles Baker Harris, known to my friends simply as Dill Essay I did live with mother and stepfather; however I prefer to think of the friends and freedom of Maycomb, Alabama as my home- where I feel more important and more importantly wanted. In terms of my parents They do get on a lot better without me, I cannot help them anyAs Francis says about me, He hasnt got a home; he just gets passed around from relative to relative. During the year I travelled around various family members but I always spend my summer time living with my aunt, Miss Rachel Haverford, the Finches next door neighbour, in Maycomb.I once said I think Ill be a clown when I get grown There aint one thing in this world I can do about folks except laugh to which Jem replied You got it backwards, Dill- Clowns are sad, its folks that laugh at them. Well, Im gonna be a new kind of clown. Im gonna stand in the middle of the ring and laugh at the folks. (ch.22). this shows how importantly I value having fun in life- I am not restricted or influenced by adult prejudices, preferring t o make up my own mind on what I have witnessed.I did once propose to Scout due to how much i enjoy her company and being around her. When I am not in Maycomb I feel like Im not doing the best I can to look after my one day to be wife. Scout once agreed with this saying He staked me out, marked me as property, said I was the only girl he would ever love, then he neglected me.While Jem, Scout and I were watching the trial, I felt very upset about the way the prosecuting attorney was treating Tom while he was on the stand. I couldnt understand why anyone would want to be so cruel to another human being. I think that all should be treated equally and with respect, my time and experiences in Maycomb and witnessing the way many whites commonly treat blacks, has reinforced this belief in me very strongly.In the social class of Maycomb I am a child, this gives me little respect, however I am white which still puts me at an unfair social advantage over any African American person in Maycomb. I contributed to the story whenI am significant to the story because i am somewhat of an outsider looking at the events occurring in the small town of Maycomb. Also I was something of a catalyst for the events that led to gaining Boo Radleys trust and eventually when he saved our lives.Like Scout and Jem, the symbol of a mockingbird could be very accurate to describe me as I am also an innocent youngster forced to learn many adult lessons at an early age.If there is one thing you should know about me is family support and love is something I value very dearly, having been shown the qualities of a good family through my interactions and experiences with the Finches.I am prepared to take questions regarding myself and my life.

A comparism of Animal Farm and the events of Tiananmen in relation to the issue of education and learning and the power this brings to societies.

A comparism of Animal Farm and the events of Tiananmen in relation to the issue of education and learning and the power this brings to societies. Good Afternoon,When George Orwell spoke out against the domination of people by others, condemning totalitarian society in his brilliant, witty, allegorical fable, Animal Farm, he also shone light on the issue of education and learning. Education can be defined as: "the development of knowledge, skill, ability, or character by teaching, training, study, or experience" and learning as: "the gaining of knowledge or skill which consequently permanently modifies ones responses."This relationship between education and learning and the effect this has on people and societies is blatantly clear in the novel, which highlights not only the exploitation of the weaker by the stronger but goes one step further by outlining that knowledge is in fact power.In the book, the sheep, representative of the general population of Russia during the Russian Revolution, because of their lack of understanding and smaller intelligence are denoted to simply workers who do not have a say which makes them more o pen to extortion and exploitation by those with 'power' that choose to use it unethically.American Education is in the DumpsterUnaware of their rights they are therefore unable to fight or even simply ask for them. When the animals of Animal Farm form resolutions together it is only the pigs that put forward resolutions, although the other animals understand HOW to vote, they are unable to come up with any resolutions of their own. The dogs cannot even manage this, voting for and against the same resolutions. Even when the Seven Commandments are being formulated, there is still a division between the animals:"It was also found that the stupider animals such as the sheep, hens and ducks were unable to learn the seven commandments by heart." (Page 21)If they had been able to learn these rules they would have been more alert to Napoleon's regime and the...

How to Land Your First Teaching Job

How to Land Your First Teaching Job Landing your first teaching job is not easy. It takes time, hard work and a lot of patience. Before you hit the ground running make sure you have the appropriate degree and credentials for the position you are applying for. Once thats all in order, follow these tips to help you get that dream job. Step 1: Create a Cover Letter Resumes have always been the most important piece of getting an employers attention. But when an employer has a stack of resumes to look through, how do you think yours will stand out? That is why a cover letter is essential to attach to your resume. It makes it easy for an employer to see if they even want to read your resume. It’s important to tailor your cover letter to the specific job you are applying for. Your cover letter should highlight your accomplishments and explain things that your resume cannot. If you have a special teaching certificate this is where you can add that. Make sure that you request an interview at the end of the cover letter; this will show them that you are determined to get that job. Step 2: Create Your Resume A well written, error-free resume will not only grab the attention of the prospective employer, but it will show them that you are a qualified contender for the job. A teacher resume should include identification, certification, teaching experience, related experience, professional development and related skills. You can add extras like activities, memberships, career objective or special honors and awards you received if you wish. Some employers look for certain teacher buzz words to see if you are in the loop. These words can include cooperative learning, hands-on learning, balanced literacy, discovery-based learning, Blooms Taxonomy, integrating technology, collaboration and facilitate learning. If you use these words in your resume and interview, it will show that you know what you are on top of issues in the education field. Step 3: Organize Your Portfolio A professional teaching portfolio is a great way to introduce your skills and achievements in a hands-on, tangible way. Its a way to showcase your best work to prospective employers beyond a simple resume. Nowadays its an essential component of the interview process. If you want to land a job in the education field, make sure you learn how to create and use a teaching portfolio. Step 4: Get Strong Letters of Recommendation For every teaching application you fill out, you will have to provide several letters of recommendation. These letters should be from professionals that have seen you in the education field, not from a family member or friend. The professionals you should ask can be your cooperating teacher, former education professor or instructor from student teaching. If you are in need of additional references you can ask a daycare or camp that you worked at. Make sure that these references are strong, if you think they do not do you justice, don’t use them. Step 5: Be Visible by Volunteering Volunteering for the school district you want to get a job in is the best way to be visible. Ask the administration if you can help out in the lunch room (schools can always use extra hands here) the library or even in a classroom that needs extra help. Even if it is only once a week it still is a great way to show the staff that you really want to be there and are making an effort. Step 6: Start Subbing in the District One of the best ways to get the attention of other teachers and the administration is to substitute in the district that you want to teach in. Student teaching is the perfect opportunity for you to get to your name out there and get to know the staff. Then, once you graduate you can apply to be a substitute in that school district and all the teachers that you networked with will call you to substitute for them. Tip: Make yourself a business card with your credentials and leave it on the desk of the teacher you subbed for and in the teachers lounge. Step 7: Get a Specialized Certification If you really want to stand out above the rest of the crowd then you should acquire a specialized teaching certification. This credential will show the prospective employer that you have a variety of skills and experience for the job. Employers will like that your knowledge will help enhance students learning. It also gives you the opportunity to apply for a variety of teaching jobs, not just one specific job. Now you are ready to learn how to ace your first teaching interview!

Strategic Management at Cafe Nero Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Strategic Management at Cafe Nero - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that Caffe Nero is considered to be one of the fastest growing coffee chains in Europe. It is privately owned which gives it a considerable amount of flexibility to grow. The coffee served at Caffe Nero is widely preferred by many Europeans and is counted amongst the top-selling brands in the U.K.   The brand also has a number of outlets in major airports of the U.K. Caffe Nero serve both hot and cold coffee variants thereby attracting consumers in all seasons of the year. Apart from coffee products, the brand also serves a variety of snacks such as pasta salads, sandwiches, and rolls. Caffe Nero gives special emphasis upon developing good relations with its suppliers who are essentially farmers. The business carries the belief that success depends upon the manner in which firms communicate with their suppliers. The business also ensures that customers are treated warmly and they are provided with a good experience. Caffe Nero has emerged a s a strong competition for many existing lines of coffee shops chains in Europe and as also the Americas. In 2012, U.K had for the very first time broken the  £ 1 billion barriers. The billion pounds worth industry has had lesser impacts of the recession and the figures of its growth say it all. On the basis of sales revenue, the coffee industry of the U.K is worth  £ 831 million. The U.K coffee market is dominated by the instant coffee variant mainly. 72% of the market revenue is from the instant coffee sale. Coffee industry mainly targets the working population sector. Starbucks, Costa Coffee, Seattle’s Best Coffee and Caffe Nero are the strongest players in the retail coffee chain industry. The coffee industry, however, lacks innovation and change in terms of providing healthy coffee. The nutritional value of coffee is seen to decline as they are mixed with ice cream or other ingredients so as to make it more appealing to the younger generation. This has caused some of the older consumers to move away from instant coffee consumption. By focussing on developing a healthier coffee experience, the coffee industry can be expected to bring back many lost consumers.

Samsun Galaxy Tablet's Design, Operations, and Supply Chain Strategies Research Paper

Samsun Galaxy Tablet's Design, Operations, and Supply Chain Strategies - Research Paper Example Moreover, they are the second largest semiconductor chip manufacturer in the world at present. Many people believe that they may surpass the leader Intel in that segment also in near future itself. It is widely believed that Samsung Electronics is best positioned for the new developments in the smartphone market and will continue to expand its leadership in memory, as well as new components like AMOLED and Mobile AP. The company is more favourably positioned than before in most of its product categories: it is quickly becoming the number one player in handsets (from a distant third place behind Nokia and Motorola in 2005), it's already the dominant number one player in TV (from fourth in 2004) and it's a major player in new components like Mobile AP (part of System LSI) and AMOLED (part of Display Panel), which are relatively new businesses. It has several "stars" including smartphones, tablets, AMOLED and System LSI; a few "cash cows" such as DRAM and featurephones; and one real "do g" in LCD displays (Samsung Electronics: The Jewel of the Samsung Empire — Secrets of Success and Future Growth Engines, p.151) Even though Apple Inc is believed to be the most valuable technology company in the world, the death of Steve Jobs has opened many opportunities for Samsung to defeat Apple not only in mobile phone market but also in the tablet market as well. At present Apple Inc and Samsung are believed to be engaged in fierce battle to dominate the smartphone and tablet market. Even though Apple was successful in introducing world’s first touch screen phone (iPhone), Samsung was able to give a strong reply to iPhone with the help of their Galaxy S2 and S3 series of smart phones. Same way, Apple introduced iPad or tablets much earlier than Samsung; however, Samsung tabs are causing strong challenges to iPads even though they came little bit late in the market. Samsung Electronics Co. is so big and profitable that the measure for telling when the company is d oing better than normal is when it goes on a streak of setting record quarterly profits. It happened in 2010 and it’s happening now. Samsung’s second quarter results broke the record set in the first quarter. Some analysts think the third quarter will be even better, but that net income will drop sequentially in the fourth (Samsung 5 Lessons: The 2nd Record Edition) In short, Samsung is one of the most rapidly growing consumer electronics companies in the world at present. Samsung tablets are capturing wide public attention because of its superior performances and cheaper prices compared to the products of its competitors. The future of tablets is bright since it is a blend of mobile phones and laptops. It should be noted that mobile phones are handy; however, its capabilities are limited compared to a laptop. Same way, laptops are convenient for computing purposes; however, they are bulky and heavy weighted. On the other hand, tablets can be used as a computer as well as a smartphone. Moreover, it is handy and light weighted. In short, the future of tablets seems to be extremely bright and hence it is important to learn more about this produc

Perceptions of Children who Present Challenging Behavior Essay Example for Free

Perceptions of Children who Present Challenging Behavior Essay Challenging Behavior among children stems out from various intricate and interrelated factors. Often times, the family and the educators are not able to properly address the needs of these children due to the lack of information, education and support. Strain and Joseph (2004) revealed that 73% of educators perceived that challenging behaviors among children has been significantly increasing. But surprisingly, educators are facing problems and some are even not that willing to help and assist children with challenging behavior. Strain and Joseph (2004) 70% revealed that teachers who handle students with challenging behavior claimed that children with such make them feel stressed, while 60% said that it has a negative effect on their job satisfaction. The case of June (Laursen, 2005) reveals how educators perceive children with challenging behavior, and how a child who encounters behavior difficulties relates with her peers and her educators. Most of her teachers are not that positive in terms of doing an extra work in terms of helping her overcome her difficulties in school because of her attitude. As such, an education plan was set in order to help her. June was made to sign a behavioral contract that furthers the agreement that she should stay awake in school, not yell at adults, not assault anyone and attend the group meeting all day (Laursen, 2005, para 2). According to Reichle and Wacker (1997), the most effective venue for the assessment of challenging behavior could be conducted in natural environments such as home, school and local community (para 2). also emphasized that Communications Based Interventions are the best approach in terms of dealing with challenging behavior (para 4). The Positive Behavior Support (PBS) is tailored to meet the specific needs of the child and also takes into careful consideration all of the contexts in which problems with regard to challenging behaviors emerge. The model devised by Dunlap and Fox (1999) as cited from Fox, Dunlap and Powell (2002) creates an Individualized Support Program (ISP) that seeks to help the family and the childs care givers in order to change his or her difficult behavior.

October :: Creative Writing Essays

October Jennifer stopped running through the forest after doing so for what seemed like eternity. She had no idea where she was, why she was here, or who was chasing her. All she knew was that running for so long of a time made her very hungry. Desperately, she looked around for something to eat, and her eyes settled on a tall apple tree. Jennifer picked a couple and ate them as she leaned against a maple tree while watching mother nature take its course. She could see the sun was setting through the bright red leaves of the forest trees. It was a cold October evening - so cold that she could see the white puffs of steam coming out of her mouth. Soon it would be nighttime. That meant that the temperature would fall so dramatically that she might get hypothermia. Thus, she gathered up numerous dead brown leaves among the forest floor and pushed them all over her body as she lay down on the cold black dirt. Jennifer became worried that "the man" or one of his "best friends" would find her. What would she do? She began searching for something sharp - like a twig or a stone. Her hand enclosed on a smooth metal oval-shaped rock. Then, she remembered that it was a swiss army knife which she stole from the house as she made her escape. After shrugging off practicing how to use the knife, Jennifer concluded that when the time came, she would know how to use it. Being thoroughly exhausted did not ameliorate her survival instinct. She began to become indifferent to her anxieties and needs. Finally, the silent sinister hand of sleep had stricken her. She dreamed about the past; how she got here. She relived all the major milestones that happened in her life. She dreamt that when she was in high school, her mother got into a car accident and died, in October. She dreamt her father exploding and being constantly angry, in October. She dreamt of after not being able to deal with her father, dropping out of school, in October. She dreamt of running away from home, in October. She dreamt of the termination of her career as a lounge singer after being signed by a major record company, in October. She dreamt of her first album staying at the number one slot for eight weeks, after being released in October. After she became such a big star, Jennifer decided to make up with her father. She went to her former home frequently to visit her father.

The Person Who Inspires Me

Do I Still Have Any Reason to Live? By: darol_maranan_07 Name? Girolene Garcia. Everyone calls me Gigi. Not only because it’s my first name, but also becuse it’s what my initials spell out. 16 years of age. I guess it will end in that number. I’m about to die anyway†¦ I shall cut myself with this razor, or maybe yet jump from the top of this establishment! Do I still have any reason to live? Everyone sees me as worthless woman of this world. They say I have never done anythind good. Depressing, isn’t it? Why should I carry this heavy burden all throughout my entire life?Living in this world is like being subjected to eternal damnation. You want to know why it turned out like this?†¦ By looking at your baffled expressions, I can see that you desire to know about my decision in termination this life of mine. Well, Sir and Madam†¦ please listen carefully to the story of my life. People brand me as a juvenile delinquent. I am merely a teenager. Young in both mind and body. Vulnerable to mistakes and immaturity. In my current state, I am carefree. I swim in the pool of pleasure. I rarely go to school. You could easily spot me at the nearby street at Pauntum.Smoking, singing in the videoke machine or just looking at the cute guyspassing by. Parents? Hmmm. They exist? I don’t even know that thry’re there. There was this time when I asked Mom about my science assignment. She answered â€Å"(God) Damn it! Can’t you see I’m busy preparing for my Tong-its?! † Yes, she was always busy with Mahjong,Tong-its. Those kinds of games†¦ I asked Dad the same question. He answered â€Å"ngrrrhhh Here’s ahundred bucks. Go ask your neighbor or your hot teacher ngrrrhhh! † Father was drinking with the neighbors, as usual. I never had the best grades in school†¦Still I’m in Grade 5. I never really excelled in any part. One time, I was asked by my teacher to answer a math problem . â€Å"Ms. Garcia! Answer this: 90 divided by 10?. † My teacher told me. I couldn’t answer. I don’t know the answer. I don’t know how to get the answer. Hoping for Lady Luck to save me, I guessed. â€Å"19? † Each one of my classmates laughed at my stupidity. â€Å"STUPID IDIOT! IT’S 19! † â€Å"How Dumb of you! Go home and wash your filthy clothes! † â€Å"Bettr yet†¦ Wash your Brain. † â€Å"This is, if you have one? † Hysteric laughter filled the small room. I was humiliated, embarrassed, ashemed.Me, the oldest person of the class, could not even answer a simple mathematical problem. My teacheer yelled â€Å"You can’t even divide 90 by 10! Why bother coming here when you don’t even learn? Just go home worthless imbecible! † That is how my school life’s like. Friends? I have none. Everyone of them loathes me. I tried approaching one. I said with a calm approach. â€Å"Hi there! Can you be my friend? † She replie â€Å"HELL NO! I’d rather be fat and ugly than being friends with a stupid girl who can’t even divide 90 by 10. † I asked other people and the replies i got were: Eeeww! † â€Å"Why should I? † â€Å"There is no reason why I should befriend a person like you. † â€Å"If I were you, I’d take a bath. You look and smell disgusting. † this and that,this and that†¦ Guhhh! No one wants tobe near me. Each time I hear of such jeers from everyone around me. I weep in depression. What have I done to deserve this kind of castigation? Why did God forsake everything from me? Though I may have the face of Ann Curtis, the body of Marian Rivera and the voice of Sarah Geronimo (sing â€Å" A very Special Love†), what you see is not always what you get.What I am is a young misled teenage girl, in need of someone to counsel me, to enlighten my way and to guide me towards the right path. Through out my 16 years of living, I have never encountered that someone. I guess, there may be no reason for me to live. I ask for you judgement. I know somehow that you’ll blame me for being another bane of this society, reckless and rebellious, but that’s my only way to express my demand of attention and love. I wanted to scape, I wanted to find someone whom I could share story with, someone who would bestowe me the best advice, someone†¦ omeone†¦ but how? none would bother to heed. I never wanted to live this kind of life, no direction and miserable. what I want now is to be free from all of this. That’s why I came up into a dicision of terminating my life. I am more ready to face death than to face insults all over again at least when I’m gone, I am so much fed up. Maybe, after the long run, people woudld appreciate my existence. So everyone, before it’s too late I’m begging you to answer me, is ther anymore reason for meto live?

Help Wanted – How the Un Failed in Rwanda

Help Wanted World Politics – POLS*1500 Word Count – 1,562 Abstract: This paper aims to questions the United Nations ability to create and maintain peace within a country. This paper will examine the extent of action that the UN commits when a nation encounters internal conflict. Looking at the Rwanda genocide, the paper concludes that the UN is inefficient at creating and building peace. Help Wanted During the twentieth century the world entered into a new sphere of international relations. New technology which led to military advancements evoked countries to act out wars that were unprecedented in past generations.When their was conflict between nations, it became easier to cause destruction towards the other nation because of new advanced technology, and therefore the brutality of war was far worse. After World War II, which many call the most horrific war of the century, 51 countries came together and formed the United Nations in 1945. This organization set standards for morality so that the world would not have to experience the same brutality that they had faced during World War II. It encouraged cooperation and peace between countries. Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. former American ambassador once said that,â€Å"the primary, the fundamental, the essential purpose of the United Nations is to keep peace. Everything it does which helps prevent World War III is good. Everything which does not further that goal, either directly or indirectly, is at best superfluous. †1 The United Nations was an organization who’s principle was to create an international center of understanding and cooperation. Although this was a clear goal, this was a difficult task for the UN because it involved so many different states and actors.The Rwanda Genocide is an example of the United Nations inability to fulfill its goal. In the early 1990’s, the nation of Rwanda faced a ruthless internal conflict between two races, the Tutsis and the Hutus. Although the se two races had the same religion, culture, and language, they saw themselves as different because of past colonial influences that had ensued this society for decades. 2 Although mass killing were taking place in Rwanda, the UN did not intervene to the extent that was demanded.The United Nations’ unclear peacekeeping tactics, lack of resources, and unwillingness to use force during the 1994 Rwanda Genocide led to the murder of over 800, 000 Rwandans and evoked disgrace towards the organization that promised peace. The unfolding events of the Rwanda Conflict had much to do with the hatred that Tutsis and Hutus felt for one another. It was viewed by many as a genocide, but the Security Council of the United Nations had much hesitation accepting that conclusion.In the Charter of the United Nations, it states in Chapter I, Article 2 that, â€Å" nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state†3. The UN believed that within a nation, the government should control its sedentary conflicts and the organization should not intervene with such matters. However, promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms is the UN’s main goal, and therefore the organization should intervene in internal conflicts if they believe these rights are being denied.This unclear practice caused the UN to make decisions about intervening in the Rwanda conflict for it depended on the basis opinions of the Security Council instead of decisions based on facts4. Because the definition of genocide could not be construed to an individual conflict, it was up to the Security Council and there underlying goals to come to a decision. As thousands of people were being murdered based on their race, the UN unclear peacekeeping regulations held the organization back from acting. This was also seen when Mr.Waly Bacre Ndiaye, a Amnesty inter national representative, reported to the UN recommending â€Å"a series of steps to prevent further massacres† but the report seemed to be â€Å"largely ignored by the key actors within the United Nations†5. By not taking into consideration the opinions of firsthand witnesses of the genocide, the UN disregarded its duty to protect and build peace within this nation. These irresponsible peacekeeping tactics caused the organization to fail in their peaceful pursuits and ultimately led to the death of thousands. Without taking into onsideration Rwanda’s cultural instability and their need for support, the United Nations was therefore unsuccessful. As the conflict in Rwanda continued to progress to a critical state, the UN did not seem to have the resources needed to neutralize and keep the peace within the country. This has to do with the economic expense of peacekeeping. It is believe that â€Å"the projected cost of peacekeeping rose from some US $600 million in 1991 to an estimated US $2. 3 billion for 1993†6. States were unwilling to contribute more to the UN because they had other concerns that were higher in national interest.The United Nations had to ration the support they gave to each cause and therefore the demanded assistance in a nation could not always be met. When the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) was planning their second phase of their mission to create peace, there was â€Å"no estimate of the date of further deployment because the necessary additional resources had not been made available†7. Without the proper materials and supplies available to the United Nations, the organizations power to act was limited because of the lack of resources.It is believed that, â€Å"the predicament of the United Nations is the mismatch of large responsibilities and few powers to fulfill them†8 This problem was seen in Rwanda Genocide. The United Nations had so many responsibilities to the world, a nd yet, the major actors in this organization did not know how to allocate their assistance. The UN’s lack of resources caused a halt in their ability to neutralize the conflict in Rwanda which allowed the massacres to continue, thus, the organization ultimately failed in its peacekeeping pursuits.The United Nations inability to secure peace in Rwanda had much to do with the organizations unwillingness to use military force. When discussing the Rwanda Conflict, the Canadian Forces stated that, â€Å"in order to prevent or suppress the crime of genocide, the necessary international†¦ military will [should have been] marshaled and mobilized†9. Although the UN does not promote the use of military force, and have many steps of peacekeeping before employing this option, the brutality of the Rwanda Genocide could not have been resolved by means of negotiation.This was seen through the failure of The Arusha Accord. Although all the parties in Rwanda had signed this peace agreement, the negotiations created bitterness and violence between the two groups of people which escalated the conflict10. During the UN’s decisions about the conflict, there seemed to be a â€Å"overriding consideration†¦ to avoid entering into a course of action that might lead to the use of force and unanticipated repercussions†11. The UN was unwilling to send troops into Rwanda because of the unforeseen violence that was taking place.The outcry for help was tremendous, however, the conflict’s escalating tension and violence caused the organization to weigh its obligation to this cause. Once the United Nations created a plan of action to be implemented in Rwanda, the â€Å"size of force was far to small to meet the assigned mandate within the increasingly tense conditions†12. Though the United Nations was contributing to creating peace, it lacked the force that was needed. Lieutenant-General[->0] Dallaire â€Å"sent [UN] Headquarters a draft o f Rules of Engagement†¦ pecifically allowing the mission to act, and even to use force, in response to crimes against humanity and other abuses†13 Headquarters, however, never responded. The fear of the repercussions and losses due to implementing military force in Rwanda caused the violence to continue. Peace could only be implemented in Rwanda if the United Nations used military forces as power. Karl Maier a German author stated that, â€Å"in Rwanda, one person's God is another person's Satan†14. The peace needed in the nation would only be achieved by using force and commanding the violence to stop.The UN’s unwillingness to provide the military forces that were demanded allowed the Rwanda massacres to continue and therefore illustrates the United Nations failure during this conflict. The United Nations failure to bring peace to Rwanda was due to the organizations unclear peacekeeping tactics, lack of resources and unwillingness to use military force. Thi s conflict caused many deaths that could have been avoided if the UN had implemented the proper plans and created clear, logical tactics.Although the events are tragic, the United Nations â€Å"had much to learn, and many adjustments needed to make in applying [peace] in the future†15. The former Secretariat of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, has given public apologizes and leading actors in the Security Council including former American president Bill Clinton, have expressed their regret to act during the Rwanda genocide. The UN has conducted inquiries to try to understand how a conflict of this magnitude could occur without the United Nations having the ability to neutralize the situation. By understanding the causes, the hope is that history will not repeat itself.The United Nations has taken responsibility for their failure to provide peace within Rwanda. This has led to the organizations credibility to grow in recent years through their work internationally to help build and keep the peace. Although the United Nations did not provide peace in Rwanda, they have had a tremendous affect on the cooperation between different countries. If this international organization can create clear procedures of how to deal with, and when to intervene in internal problems, the United Nations will have more success in their pursuits. Footnotes 1. Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Quotes,† Think Exist, November 2, 2011, http://thinkexist. com/quotation/the_primary-the_fundamental-the_essential_purpose/344191. html 2. Dixon Kamukama, Rwanda Conflict: Its Roots and Regional Implications Second Edition, (Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Publishers Ltd. , 1997), 3-4. 3. â€Å"Purpose and Principles,† in The Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice, ed, United Nations (San Francisco, 1945) 3. 4. Michael Barnett, Eyewitness to Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda, (New York: Cornell University Press, 2003), 2. . United Nations, â€Å"R wanda Genocide and UN’s Contribution†, (Security Council Inquiry, 1999), 7. 6. Neil Riemer, International Peace and Security: The Cost of Waging Peace, (USA: Praeger Publishers, 2000) 63. 7. James S. Sutterlin, The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Security: a Challenge to be Met, Second Edition, (New York: Greenwood Publishing Group Inc. , 2003) 75. 8. Mariano Aguirre, â€Å"Power and Paradox in the United Nations,† in Open Democracy (November 2006): accessed October 31, 2011; www. pendemocracy. net/globalization-institutions_government/un_paradox_4073. jsp[->1] 9. â€Å"Learning From the Rwandan Genocide of 1994,† National Defense and the Canadian Forces, November 6, 2011, http://www. journal. dnd. ca/vo6/no2/human-humain-eng. asp 10. Dixon Kamukama, Rwanda Conflict: Its Roots and Regional Implications Second Edition, (Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Publishers Ltd. , 1997), 27-30. 11. United Nations, â€Å"Rwanda Genocide and UN’s Co ntribution†, (Security Council Inquiry, 1999), 11. 12. James S.Sutterlin, The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Security: a Challenge to be Met, Second Edition, (New York: Greenwood Publishing Group Inc. , 2003) 74. 13. United Nations, â€Å"Rwanda Genocide and UN’s Contribution†, (Security Council Inquiry, 1999), 9. 14. Karl Maier, Into the House of the Ancestors: Inside the New Africa, (San Francisco:John Wiley, 1998), 273. 15. James S. Sutterlin, The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Security: a Challenge to be Met, Second Edition, (New York: Greenwood Publishing Group Inc. , 2003) 77.

Medicаl Egаlitаriаnism Essays

MedicÐ °l EgÐ °litÐ °riÐ °nism Essays MedicÐ °l EgÐ °litÐ °riÐ °nism Paper MedicÐ °l EgÐ °litÐ °riÐ °nism Paper Ð s we try to distinguish between heÐ °lth cÐ °re thÐ °t is Ð °nd is not worth whÐ °t it costs, sooner or lÐ °ter we will hÐ °ve to decide whether or not we should see the line fÐ °lling in different plÐ °ces for people of different economic meÐ °ns. Here we find ourselves bÐ °ffled Ð °nd puzzled, in Ð ° virtuÐ °l wÐ °r of our own beliefs. On the one hÐ °nd, does not cÐ °re thÐ °t is truly worth whÐ °t it costs constitute Ð ° smÐ °ller set of services for the poor thÐ °n for the rich? If one is poor one will certÐ °inly prefer to spend less on preserving heÐ °lth Ð °nd sÐ °ving life thÐ °n if one is well off, even if in either cÐ °se one is perfectly knowledgeÐ °ble Ð °nd rÐ °tionÐ °l. People of different meÐ °ns will quite properly choose differently when it comes to mÐ °king use of stÐ °tisticÐ °lly very expensive or mÐ °rginÐ °lly beneficiÐ °l procedures. To flÐ °tten out these differences through uniform heÐ °lth-cÐ °re service without chÐ °nging the bÐ °sic distribution of income would seem to ride roughshod over peoples preferences for the different respective lives they hÐ °ve to live. Even if the difference in their preferences is lÐ °rgely Ð ° function of unjust inequÐ °lities in weÐ °lth Ð °mong them, why should the rÐ °tionÐ °l choices of poorer persons be overridden? If wider injustice is the problem, why not Ð °ttÐ °ck it by redistributing economic resources generÐ °lly? But of course there is Ð °nother side to our reÐ °ctions. CÐ °n we ever rest in good conscience if privÐ °te hospitÐ °ls sell drÐ °mÐ °tic, heÐ °dline-grÐ °bbing technologies to well-off clients while such procedures Ð °re excluded from government progrÐ °ms for the poor? How cÐ °n we Ð °ccept expensive privÐ °te plÐ °ns use of diÐ °gnostic tests Ð °nd preventive meÐ °sures to the hilt, while MedicÐ °id excludes whole cÐ °tegories of even the more productive ones? The mÐ °tter is one of public support, Ð °nd the provision we mÐ °ke for poor peoples heÐ °lth cÐ °re sÐ °ys something fundÐ °mentÐ °l Ð °bout our entire stÐ °nce towÐ °rd the less fortunÐ °te. Ð bove Ð °ll, nobodys life is one bit less vÐ °luÐ °ble becÐ °use he or she is poor. Thus, when some expensive technology such Ð °s trÐ °nsplÐ °nt surgery comes on the scene, we instinctively Ð °sk, Who will regulÐ °te the Ð °llocÐ °tion of . . . orgÐ °ns to insure equÐ °l Ð °ccess? In 1984, MÐ °ssÐ °chusettss much-herÐ °lded TÐ °sk Force on OrgÐ °n TrÐ °nsplÐ °ntÐ °tion, for exÐ °mple, stood strongly by such egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °n convictions; it concluded thÐ °t only if Ð °ccess is independent of Ð °bility to pÐ °y cÐ °n heÐ °rt Ð °nd liver trÐ °nsplÐ °ntÐ °tion be Ð °cceptÐ °ble. We will let trÐ °nsportÐ °tion, shelter, clothing, food, Ð °nd mÐ °ybe even educÐ °tion vÐ °ry widely with peoples meÐ °ns. HeÐ °lth cÐ °re, though, is different. The problem is thÐ °t the combinÐ °tion of these egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °n ideÐ °ls Ð °bout heÐ °lth cÐ °re with our convictions Ð °bout freedom to Ð °llocÐ °te ones own resources is virtuÐ °lly disÐ °bling. Lester Thurow describes the three-sided dilemmÐ °: Being egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °ns, we hÐ °ve to give the treÐ °tment to everyone or deny it to everyone; being cÐ °pitÐ °lists, we cÐ °nnot deny it to those who cÐ °n Ð °fford it. But since resources Ð °re limited, we cÐ °nnot Ð °fford to give it to everyone either. In the end we rÐ °rely prevent those who cÐ °n Ð °fford some treÐ °tment from buying it; even GreÐ °t BritÐ °in, with Ð ° NÐ °tionÐ °l HeÐ °lth Service, does not bÐ °n the optionÐ °l cÐ °re of the privÐ °te mÐ °rket. But then if we Ð °lso stick to our egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °n convictions, we end up in the seemingly insÐ °ne situÐ °tion of funding million-dollÐ °r-per-life-sÐ °ved technologies for the poor while we let them live Ð °s pÐ °upers otherwise. DÐ °re we give up our pretension to egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °nism in medicine? In recent yeÐ °rs Ð ° populÐ °r Ð °ttempted escÐ °pe from this dilemmÐ ° hÐ °s been to modify the egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °n side of our beliefs Ð °nd tÐ °lk only of the Ð °dequÐ °te, minimÐ °lly decent, or essentiÐ °l cÐ °re thÐ °t society should guÐ °rÐ °ntee. This hÐ °rdly solves the puzzle; it only Ð °lters its form. WhÐ °t heÐ °lth cÐ °re is Ð °dequÐ °te, minimÐ °lly decent, essentiÐ °l? We still fÐ °ce the question of how unequÐ °l we mÐ °y let heÐ °lth cÐ °re be. Poorer people, of course, mÐ °y Ð °lreÐ °dy hÐ °ve stÐ °tisticÐ °lly worse heÐ °lth Ð °nd consequently greÐ °ter medicÐ °l needs, but we cÐ °n Ð °bstrÐ °ct from thÐ °t difference. Ð ssuming thÐ °t their medicÐ °l needs Ð °re equÐ °l, should the cÐ °re they get be equÐ °l? The view thÐ °t it should be cÐ °n be cÐ °lled medicÐ °l egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °nism. The pivotÐ °l compÐ °rision in understÐ °nding this view is not between the poor Ð °nd the rich so much Ð °s between the poor Ð °nd the middle clÐ °ss. Whether someone sells CÐ °dillÐ °c cÐ °re to Ð ° few of the very Ð °ffluent is not the heÐ °rt of the dispute. The more importÐ °nt compÐ °rison is between the poor on the one hÐ °nd Ð °nd the middle Ð °nd upper-middle clÐ °sses on the other thÐ °t very lÐ °rge group thought to typify the level of weÐ °lth to which the vÐ °st mÐ °jority of people Ð °spire. When they get liver trÐ °nsplÐ °nts or routine chest X rÐ °ys upon hospitÐ °l Ð °dmission, should the poor get them too? The current Ð mericÐ °n emphÐ °sis on contÐ °ining costs through provider competition hÐ °s only Ð °ccentuÐ °ted the issue. Ð n inevitÐ °ble result of increÐ °sing competition in order to control costs hÐ °s been the demise of cost shifting. Providers cÐ °n no longer eÐ °sily chÐ °rge their privÐ °te pÐ °tients more to mÐ °ke up the losses they incur in the cÐ °re of others. Ð s so-cÐ °lled uncompensÐ °ted or undercompensÐ °ted chÐ °rity cÐ °re thus dries up, Ð mericÐ °ns will hÐ °ve to fÐ °ce more directly thÐ °n ever before the issue of providing for the cÐ °re of their poor. Ð lreÐ °dy thÐ °t cÐ °re hÐ °s enough problems. U. S. MedicÐ °id eligibility is Ð ° mÐ °ze Ð s Ð ° result, 21 million to 28 million people remÐ °in uninsured, most of them poor or low-income, Ð °nd hÐ °lf of even employed low-income Ð mericÐ °ns Ð °re uninsured or underinsured. Ð  nÐ °turÐ °l consequence in Ð °n economicÐ °lly competitive environment is thÐ °t privÐ °te hospitÐ °ls dump uninsured pÐ °tients or do not Ð °dmit them to begin with The reÐ °l spur to our indignÐ °tion Ð °bout this is thÐ °t Ð °ll Ð °long the government is giving roughly Ð °s much support for heÐ °lth cÐ °re to middle- Ð °nd upper-income citizens through tÐ °x breÐ °ks for employer-provided heÐ °lth insurÐ °nce Ð °s it spends on MedicÐ °id for the poor. Note, however, thÐ °t even if these trÐ °vesties were remedied, we would still need to wrestle with the fundÐ °mentÐ °l question of how equÐ °l the distribution of heÐ °lth cÐ °re ought to be. It is simply Ð °n unÐ °voidÐ °ble question for Ð °ny society with dispÐ °rities of weÐ °lth. Beliefs on this score Ð °re not just detÐ °ils; they Ð °ffect decisions Ð °bout the most bÐ °sic structure of heÐ °lth-cÐ °re delivery. Suppose we Ð °re convinced thÐ °t everyone ought to receive medicÐ °l services roughly equÐ °l in rÐ °nge Ð °nd quÐ °lity. We then hÐ °ve in our hÐ °nds Ð ° powerful Ð °rgument for the unitÐ °ry rÐ °ther thÐ °n plurÐ °listic system of delivery represented by some sort of nÐ °tionÐ °l heÐ °lth service. Ð t its core the morÐ °l cÐ °se for Ð ° nÐ °tionÐ °l system is driven more forcefully by Ð °n egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °n conviction thÐ °n by Ð °nything else. For something thÐ °t so directly Ð °ffects life itself, everyone ought to be in the sÐ °me boÐ °t. Though in GreÐ °t BritÐ °in people cÐ °n buy out of the NÐ °tionÐ °l HeÐ °lth Service Ð °t their own expense, thÐ °t is Ð ° compÐ °rÐ °tively smÐ °ll depÐ °rture from their bÐ °sic ideÐ °l of equÐ °lity represented by hÐ °ving Ð ° NÐ °tionÐ °l HeÐ °lth Service Ð °t Ð °ll. Of course, other fÐ °ctors Ð °re importÐ °nt in Ð ° societys decision whether or not to hÐ °ve Ð ° unitÐ °ry system. There Ð °re supply-side considerÐ °tions: problems of professionÐ °l orgÐ °nizÐ °tion Ð °nd monopoly, the kind Ð °nd bÐ °lÐ °nce of cÐ °re provided, how it is priced (Ð °s distinct from problems Ð °bout how it is finÐ °nced Ð °nd distributed). Sometimes supply-side Ð °nd equÐ °lity elements get mixed together in criticism of multitiered mÐ °rket systems; for Ð ° vÐ °riety of reÐ °sons, for exÐ °mple, better physiciÐ °ns often grÐ °vitÐ °te towÐ °rd the upper tiers. Equity concerns mÐ °y Ð °lso focus on mÐ °tters other thÐ °n rich/poor differences, Ð °nd Ð ° plurÐ °listic mÐ °rket system mÐ °y hÐ °ve difficulty Ð °voiding discriminÐ °tion between people with high Ð °nd low likelihood of illness. On the other hÐ °nd, Ð ° plurÐ °listic system mÐ °y better implement convictions Ð °bout peoples responsibility for their own heÐ °lth Ð °nd vÐ °lue judgments. Furthermore, though universÐ °l progrÐ °ms such Ð °s sociÐ °l security or MedicÐ °re mÐ °y gÐ °in much-needed public support becÐ °use everyone depends on them, they mÐ °y in the long run lose just Ð °s much support when people see the middle clÐ °ss getting public benefits they do not strictly need.