A comparism of Animal Farm and the events of Tiananmen in relation to the issue of education and learning and the power this brings to societies.

A comparism of Animal Farm and the events of Tiananmen in relation to the issue of education and learning and the power this brings to societies. Good Afternoon,When George Orwell spoke out against the domination of people by others, condemning totalitarian society in his brilliant, witty, allegorical fable, Animal Farm, he also shone light on the issue of education and learning. Education can be defined as: "the development of knowledge, skill, ability, or character by teaching, training, study, or experience" and learning as: "the gaining of knowledge or skill which consequently permanently modifies ones responses."This relationship between education and learning and the effect this has on people and societies is blatantly clear in the novel, which highlights not only the exploitation of the weaker by the stronger but goes one step further by outlining that knowledge is in fact power.In the book, the sheep, representative of the general population of Russia during the Russian Revolution, because of their lack of understanding and smaller intelligence are denoted to simply workers who do not have a say which makes them more o pen to extortion and exploitation by those with 'power' that choose to use it unethically.American Education is in the DumpsterUnaware of their rights they are therefore unable to fight or even simply ask for them. When the animals of Animal Farm form resolutions together it is only the pigs that put forward resolutions, although the other animals understand HOW to vote, they are unable to come up with any resolutions of their own. The dogs cannot even manage this, voting for and against the same resolutions. Even when the Seven Commandments are being formulated, there is still a division between the animals:"It was also found that the stupider animals such as the sheep, hens and ducks were unable to learn the seven commandments by heart." (Page 21)If they had been able to learn these rules they would have been more alert to Napoleon's regime and the...

How to Land Your First Teaching Job

How to Land Your First Teaching Job Landing your first teaching job is not easy. It takes time, hard work and a lot of patience. Before you hit the ground running make sure you have the appropriate degree and credentials for the position you are applying for. Once thats all in order, follow these tips to help you get that dream job. Step 1: Create a Cover Letter Resumes have always been the most important piece of getting an employers attention. But when an employer has a stack of resumes to look through, how do you think yours will stand out? That is why a cover letter is essential to attach to your resume. It makes it easy for an employer to see if they even want to read your resume. It’s important to tailor your cover letter to the specific job you are applying for. Your cover letter should highlight your accomplishments and explain things that your resume cannot. If you have a special teaching certificate this is where you can add that. Make sure that you request an interview at the end of the cover letter; this will show them that you are determined to get that job. Step 2: Create Your Resume A well written, error-free resume will not only grab the attention of the prospective employer, but it will show them that you are a qualified contender for the job. A teacher resume should include identification, certification, teaching experience, related experience, professional development and related skills. You can add extras like activities, memberships, career objective or special honors and awards you received if you wish. Some employers look for certain teacher buzz words to see if you are in the loop. These words can include cooperative learning, hands-on learning, balanced literacy, discovery-based learning, Blooms Taxonomy, integrating technology, collaboration and facilitate learning. If you use these words in your resume and interview, it will show that you know what you are on top of issues in the education field. Step 3: Organize Your Portfolio A professional teaching portfolio is a great way to introduce your skills and achievements in a hands-on, tangible way. Its a way to showcase your best work to prospective employers beyond a simple resume. Nowadays its an essential component of the interview process. If you want to land a job in the education field, make sure you learn how to create and use a teaching portfolio. Step 4: Get Strong Letters of Recommendation For every teaching application you fill out, you will have to provide several letters of recommendation. These letters should be from professionals that have seen you in the education field, not from a family member or friend. The professionals you should ask can be your cooperating teacher, former education professor or instructor from student teaching. If you are in need of additional references you can ask a daycare or camp that you worked at. Make sure that these references are strong, if you think they do not do you justice, don’t use them. Step 5: Be Visible by Volunteering Volunteering for the school district you want to get a job in is the best way to be visible. Ask the administration if you can help out in the lunch room (schools can always use extra hands here) the library or even in a classroom that needs extra help. Even if it is only once a week it still is a great way to show the staff that you really want to be there and are making an effort. Step 6: Start Subbing in the District One of the best ways to get the attention of other teachers and the administration is to substitute in the district that you want to teach in. Student teaching is the perfect opportunity for you to get to your name out there and get to know the staff. Then, once you graduate you can apply to be a substitute in that school district and all the teachers that you networked with will call you to substitute for them. Tip: Make yourself a business card with your credentials and leave it on the desk of the teacher you subbed for and in the teachers lounge. Step 7: Get a Specialized Certification If you really want to stand out above the rest of the crowd then you should acquire a specialized teaching certification. This credential will show the prospective employer that you have a variety of skills and experience for the job. Employers will like that your knowledge will help enhance students learning. It also gives you the opportunity to apply for a variety of teaching jobs, not just one specific job. Now you are ready to learn how to ace your first teaching interview!

Strategic Management at Cafe Nero Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Strategic Management at Cafe Nero - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that Caffe Nero is considered to be one of the fastest growing coffee chains in Europe. It is privately owned which gives it a considerable amount of flexibility to grow. The coffee served at Caffe Nero is widely preferred by many Europeans and is counted amongst the top-selling brands in the U.K.   The brand also has a number of outlets in major airports of the U.K. Caffe Nero serve both hot and cold coffee variants thereby attracting consumers in all seasons of the year. Apart from coffee products, the brand also serves a variety of snacks such as pasta salads, sandwiches, and rolls. Caffe Nero gives special emphasis upon developing good relations with its suppliers who are essentially farmers. The business carries the belief that success depends upon the manner in which firms communicate with their suppliers. The business also ensures that customers are treated warmly and they are provided with a good experience. Caffe Nero has emerged a s a strong competition for many existing lines of coffee shops chains in Europe and as also the Americas. In 2012, U.K had for the very first time broken the  £ 1 billion barriers. The billion pounds worth industry has had lesser impacts of the recession and the figures of its growth say it all. On the basis of sales revenue, the coffee industry of the U.K is worth  £ 831 million. The U.K coffee market is dominated by the instant coffee variant mainly. 72% of the market revenue is from the instant coffee sale. Coffee industry mainly targets the working population sector. Starbucks, Costa Coffee, Seattle’s Best Coffee and Caffe Nero are the strongest players in the retail coffee chain industry. The coffee industry, however, lacks innovation and change in terms of providing healthy coffee. The nutritional value of coffee is seen to decline as they are mixed with ice cream or other ingredients so as to make it more appealing to the younger generation. This has caused some of the older consumers to move away from instant coffee consumption. By focussing on developing a healthier coffee experience, the coffee industry can be expected to bring back many lost consumers.

Samsun Galaxy Tablet's Design, Operations, and Supply Chain Strategies Research Paper

Samsun Galaxy Tablet's Design, Operations, and Supply Chain Strategies - Research Paper Example Moreover, they are the second largest semiconductor chip manufacturer in the world at present. Many people believe that they may surpass the leader Intel in that segment also in near future itself. It is widely believed that Samsung Electronics is best positioned for the new developments in the smartphone market and will continue to expand its leadership in memory, as well as new components like AMOLED and Mobile AP. The company is more favourably positioned than before in most of its product categories: it is quickly becoming the number one player in handsets (from a distant third place behind Nokia and Motorola in 2005), it's already the dominant number one player in TV (from fourth in 2004) and it's a major player in new components like Mobile AP (part of System LSI) and AMOLED (part of Display Panel), which are relatively new businesses. It has several "stars" including smartphones, tablets, AMOLED and System LSI; a few "cash cows" such as DRAM and featurephones; and one real "do g" in LCD displays (Samsung Electronics: The Jewel of the Samsung Empire — Secrets of Success and Future Growth Engines, p.151) Even though Apple Inc is believed to be the most valuable technology company in the world, the death of Steve Jobs has opened many opportunities for Samsung to defeat Apple not only in mobile phone market but also in the tablet market as well. At present Apple Inc and Samsung are believed to be engaged in fierce battle to dominate the smartphone and tablet market. Even though Apple was successful in introducing world’s first touch screen phone (iPhone), Samsung was able to give a strong reply to iPhone with the help of their Galaxy S2 and S3 series of smart phones. Same way, Apple introduced iPad or tablets much earlier than Samsung; however, Samsung tabs are causing strong challenges to iPads even though they came little bit late in the market. Samsung Electronics Co. is so big and profitable that the measure for telling when the company is d oing better than normal is when it goes on a streak of setting record quarterly profits. It happened in 2010 and it’s happening now. Samsung’s second quarter results broke the record set in the first quarter. Some analysts think the third quarter will be even better, but that net income will drop sequentially in the fourth (Samsung 5 Lessons: The 2nd Record Edition) In short, Samsung is one of the most rapidly growing consumer electronics companies in the world at present. Samsung tablets are capturing wide public attention because of its superior performances and cheaper prices compared to the products of its competitors. The future of tablets is bright since it is a blend of mobile phones and laptops. It should be noted that mobile phones are handy; however, its capabilities are limited compared to a laptop. Same way, laptops are convenient for computing purposes; however, they are bulky and heavy weighted. On the other hand, tablets can be used as a computer as well as a smartphone. Moreover, it is handy and light weighted. In short, the future of tablets seems to be extremely bright and hence it is important to learn more about this produc

Perceptions of Children who Present Challenging Behavior Essay Example for Free

Perceptions of Children who Present Challenging Behavior Essay Challenging Behavior among children stems out from various intricate and interrelated factors. Often times, the family and the educators are not able to properly address the needs of these children due to the lack of information, education and support. Strain and Joseph (2004) revealed that 73% of educators perceived that challenging behaviors among children has been significantly increasing. But surprisingly, educators are facing problems and some are even not that willing to help and assist children with challenging behavior. Strain and Joseph (2004) 70% revealed that teachers who handle students with challenging behavior claimed that children with such make them feel stressed, while 60% said that it has a negative effect on their job satisfaction. The case of June (Laursen, 2005) reveals how educators perceive children with challenging behavior, and how a child who encounters behavior difficulties relates with her peers and her educators. Most of her teachers are not that positive in terms of doing an extra work in terms of helping her overcome her difficulties in school because of her attitude. As such, an education plan was set in order to help her. June was made to sign a behavioral contract that furthers the agreement that she should stay awake in school, not yell at adults, not assault anyone and attend the group meeting all day (Laursen, 2005, para 2). According to Reichle and Wacker (1997), the most effective venue for the assessment of challenging behavior could be conducted in natural environments such as home, school and local community (para 2). also emphasized that Communications Based Interventions are the best approach in terms of dealing with challenging behavior (para 4). The Positive Behavior Support (PBS) is tailored to meet the specific needs of the child and also takes into careful consideration all of the contexts in which problems with regard to challenging behaviors emerge. The model devised by Dunlap and Fox (1999) as cited from Fox, Dunlap and Powell (2002) creates an Individualized Support Program (ISP) that seeks to help the family and the childs care givers in order to change his or her difficult behavior.

October :: Creative Writing Essays

October Jennifer stopped running through the forest after doing so for what seemed like eternity. She had no idea where she was, why she was here, or who was chasing her. All she knew was that running for so long of a time made her very hungry. Desperately, she looked around for something to eat, and her eyes settled on a tall apple tree. Jennifer picked a couple and ate them as she leaned against a maple tree while watching mother nature take its course. She could see the sun was setting through the bright red leaves of the forest trees. It was a cold October evening - so cold that she could see the white puffs of steam coming out of her mouth. Soon it would be nighttime. That meant that the temperature would fall so dramatically that she might get hypothermia. Thus, she gathered up numerous dead brown leaves among the forest floor and pushed them all over her body as she lay down on the cold black dirt. Jennifer became worried that "the man" or one of his "best friends" would find her. What would she do? She began searching for something sharp - like a twig or a stone. Her hand enclosed on a smooth metal oval-shaped rock. Then, she remembered that it was a swiss army knife which she stole from the house as she made her escape. After shrugging off practicing how to use the knife, Jennifer concluded that when the time came, she would know how to use it. Being thoroughly exhausted did not ameliorate her survival instinct. She began to become indifferent to her anxieties and needs. Finally, the silent sinister hand of sleep had stricken her. She dreamed about the past; how she got here. She relived all the major milestones that happened in her life. She dreamt that when she was in high school, her mother got into a car accident and died, in October. She dreamt her father exploding and being constantly angry, in October. She dreamt of after not being able to deal with her father, dropping out of school, in October. She dreamt of running away from home, in October. She dreamt of the termination of her career as a lounge singer after being signed by a major record company, in October. She dreamt of her first album staying at the number one slot for eight weeks, after being released in October. After she became such a big star, Jennifer decided to make up with her father. She went to her former home frequently to visit her father.

The Person Who Inspires Me

Do I Still Have Any Reason to Live? By: darol_maranan_07 Name? Girolene Garcia. Everyone calls me Gigi. Not only because it’s my first name, but also becuse it’s what my initials spell out. 16 years of age. I guess it will end in that number. I’m about to die anyway†¦ I shall cut myself with this razor, or maybe yet jump from the top of this establishment! Do I still have any reason to live? Everyone sees me as worthless woman of this world. They say I have never done anythind good. Depressing, isn’t it? Why should I carry this heavy burden all throughout my entire life?Living in this world is like being subjected to eternal damnation. You want to know why it turned out like this?†¦ By looking at your baffled expressions, I can see that you desire to know about my decision in termination this life of mine. Well, Sir and Madam†¦ please listen carefully to the story of my life. People brand me as a juvenile delinquent. I am merely a teenager. Young in both mind and body. Vulnerable to mistakes and immaturity. In my current state, I am carefree. I swim in the pool of pleasure. I rarely go to school. You could easily spot me at the nearby street at Pauntum.Smoking, singing in the videoke machine or just looking at the cute guyspassing by. Parents? Hmmm. They exist? I don’t even know that thry’re there. There was this time when I asked Mom about my science assignment. She answered â€Å"(God) Damn it! Can’t you see I’m busy preparing for my Tong-its?! † Yes, she was always busy with Mahjong,Tong-its. Those kinds of games†¦ I asked Dad the same question. He answered â€Å"ngrrrhhh Here’s ahundred bucks. Go ask your neighbor or your hot teacher ngrrrhhh! † Father was drinking with the neighbors, as usual. I never had the best grades in school†¦Still I’m in Grade 5. I never really excelled in any part. One time, I was asked by my teacher to answer a math problem . â€Å"Ms. Garcia! Answer this: 90 divided by 10?. † My teacher told me. I couldn’t answer. I don’t know the answer. I don’t know how to get the answer. Hoping for Lady Luck to save me, I guessed. â€Å"19? † Each one of my classmates laughed at my stupidity. â€Å"STUPID IDIOT! IT’S 19! † â€Å"How Dumb of you! Go home and wash your filthy clothes! † â€Å"Bettr yet†¦ Wash your Brain. † â€Å"This is, if you have one? † Hysteric laughter filled the small room. I was humiliated, embarrassed, ashemed.Me, the oldest person of the class, could not even answer a simple mathematical problem. My teacheer yelled â€Å"You can’t even divide 90 by 10! Why bother coming here when you don’t even learn? Just go home worthless imbecible! † That is how my school life’s like. Friends? I have none. Everyone of them loathes me. I tried approaching one. I said with a calm approach. â€Å"Hi there! Can you be my friend? † She replie â€Å"HELL NO! I’d rather be fat and ugly than being friends with a stupid girl who can’t even divide 90 by 10. † I asked other people and the replies i got were: Eeeww! † â€Å"Why should I? † â€Å"There is no reason why I should befriend a person like you. † â€Å"If I were you, I’d take a bath. You look and smell disgusting. † this and that,this and that†¦ Guhhh! No one wants tobe near me. Each time I hear of such jeers from everyone around me. I weep in depression. What have I done to deserve this kind of castigation? Why did God forsake everything from me? Though I may have the face of Ann Curtis, the body of Marian Rivera and the voice of Sarah Geronimo (sing â€Å" A very Special Love†), what you see is not always what you get.What I am is a young misled teenage girl, in need of someone to counsel me, to enlighten my way and to guide me towards the right path. Through out my 16 years of living, I have never encountered that someone. I guess, there may be no reason for me to live. I ask for you judgement. I know somehow that you’ll blame me for being another bane of this society, reckless and rebellious, but that’s my only way to express my demand of attention and love. I wanted to scape, I wanted to find someone whom I could share story with, someone who would bestowe me the best advice, someone†¦ omeone†¦ but how? none would bother to heed. I never wanted to live this kind of life, no direction and miserable. what I want now is to be free from all of this. That’s why I came up into a dicision of terminating my life. I am more ready to face death than to face insults all over again at least when I’m gone, I am so much fed up. Maybe, after the long run, people woudld appreciate my existence. So everyone, before it’s too late I’m begging you to answer me, is ther anymore reason for meto live?

Help Wanted – How the Un Failed in Rwanda

Help Wanted World Politics – POLS*1500 Word Count – 1,562 Abstract: This paper aims to questions the United Nations ability to create and maintain peace within a country. This paper will examine the extent of action that the UN commits when a nation encounters internal conflict. Looking at the Rwanda genocide, the paper concludes that the UN is inefficient at creating and building peace. Help Wanted During the twentieth century the world entered into a new sphere of international relations. New technology which led to military advancements evoked countries to act out wars that were unprecedented in past generations.When their was conflict between nations, it became easier to cause destruction towards the other nation because of new advanced technology, and therefore the brutality of war was far worse. After World War II, which many call the most horrific war of the century, 51 countries came together and formed the United Nations in 1945. This organization set standards for morality so that the world would not have to experience the same brutality that they had faced during World War II. It encouraged cooperation and peace between countries. Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. former American ambassador once said that,â€Å"the primary, the fundamental, the essential purpose of the United Nations is to keep peace. Everything it does which helps prevent World War III is good. Everything which does not further that goal, either directly or indirectly, is at best superfluous. †1 The United Nations was an organization who’s principle was to create an international center of understanding and cooperation. Although this was a clear goal, this was a difficult task for the UN because it involved so many different states and actors.The Rwanda Genocide is an example of the United Nations inability to fulfill its goal. In the early 1990’s, the nation of Rwanda faced a ruthless internal conflict between two races, the Tutsis and the Hutus. Although the se two races had the same religion, culture, and language, they saw themselves as different because of past colonial influences that had ensued this society for decades. 2 Although mass killing were taking place in Rwanda, the UN did not intervene to the extent that was demanded.The United Nations’ unclear peacekeeping tactics, lack of resources, and unwillingness to use force during the 1994 Rwanda Genocide led to the murder of over 800, 000 Rwandans and evoked disgrace towards the organization that promised peace. The unfolding events of the Rwanda Conflict had much to do with the hatred that Tutsis and Hutus felt for one another. It was viewed by many as a genocide, but the Security Council of the United Nations had much hesitation accepting that conclusion.In the Charter of the United Nations, it states in Chapter I, Article 2 that, â€Å" nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state†3. The UN believed that within a nation, the government should control its sedentary conflicts and the organization should not intervene with such matters. However, promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms is the UN’s main goal, and therefore the organization should intervene in internal conflicts if they believe these rights are being denied.This unclear practice caused the UN to make decisions about intervening in the Rwanda conflict for it depended on the basis opinions of the Security Council instead of decisions based on facts4. Because the definition of genocide could not be construed to an individual conflict, it was up to the Security Council and there underlying goals to come to a decision. As thousands of people were being murdered based on their race, the UN unclear peacekeeping regulations held the organization back from acting. This was also seen when Mr.Waly Bacre Ndiaye, a Amnesty inter national representative, reported to the UN recommending â€Å"a series of steps to prevent further massacres† but the report seemed to be â€Å"largely ignored by the key actors within the United Nations†5. By not taking into consideration the opinions of firsthand witnesses of the genocide, the UN disregarded its duty to protect and build peace within this nation. These irresponsible peacekeeping tactics caused the organization to fail in their peaceful pursuits and ultimately led to the death of thousands. Without taking into onsideration Rwanda’s cultural instability and their need for support, the United Nations was therefore unsuccessful. As the conflict in Rwanda continued to progress to a critical state, the UN did not seem to have the resources needed to neutralize and keep the peace within the country. This has to do with the economic expense of peacekeeping. It is believe that â€Å"the projected cost of peacekeeping rose from some US $600 million in 1991 to an estimated US $2. 3 billion for 1993†6. States were unwilling to contribute more to the UN because they had other concerns that were higher in national interest.The United Nations had to ration the support they gave to each cause and therefore the demanded assistance in a nation could not always be met. When the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) was planning their second phase of their mission to create peace, there was â€Å"no estimate of the date of further deployment because the necessary additional resources had not been made available†7. Without the proper materials and supplies available to the United Nations, the organizations power to act was limited because of the lack of resources.It is believed that, â€Å"the predicament of the United Nations is the mismatch of large responsibilities and few powers to fulfill them†8 This problem was seen in Rwanda Genocide. The United Nations had so many responsibilities to the world, a nd yet, the major actors in this organization did not know how to allocate their assistance. The UN’s lack of resources caused a halt in their ability to neutralize the conflict in Rwanda which allowed the massacres to continue, thus, the organization ultimately failed in its peacekeeping pursuits.The United Nations inability to secure peace in Rwanda had much to do with the organizations unwillingness to use military force. When discussing the Rwanda Conflict, the Canadian Forces stated that, â€Å"in order to prevent or suppress the crime of genocide, the necessary international†¦ military will [should have been] marshaled and mobilized†9. Although the UN does not promote the use of military force, and have many steps of peacekeeping before employing this option, the brutality of the Rwanda Genocide could not have been resolved by means of negotiation.This was seen through the failure of The Arusha Accord. Although all the parties in Rwanda had signed this peace agreement, the negotiations created bitterness and violence between the two groups of people which escalated the conflict10. During the UN’s decisions about the conflict, there seemed to be a â€Å"overriding consideration†¦ to avoid entering into a course of action that might lead to the use of force and unanticipated repercussions†11. The UN was unwilling to send troops into Rwanda because of the unforeseen violence that was taking place.The outcry for help was tremendous, however, the conflict’s escalating tension and violence caused the organization to weigh its obligation to this cause. Once the United Nations created a plan of action to be implemented in Rwanda, the â€Å"size of force was far to small to meet the assigned mandate within the increasingly tense conditions†12. Though the United Nations was contributing to creating peace, it lacked the force that was needed. Lieutenant-General[->0] Dallaire â€Å"sent [UN] Headquarters a draft o f Rules of Engagement†¦ pecifically allowing the mission to act, and even to use force, in response to crimes against humanity and other abuses†13 Headquarters, however, never responded. The fear of the repercussions and losses due to implementing military force in Rwanda caused the violence to continue. Peace could only be implemented in Rwanda if the United Nations used military forces as power. Karl Maier a German author stated that, â€Å"in Rwanda, one person's God is another person's Satan†14. The peace needed in the nation would only be achieved by using force and commanding the violence to stop.The UN’s unwillingness to provide the military forces that were demanded allowed the Rwanda massacres to continue and therefore illustrates the United Nations failure during this conflict. The United Nations failure to bring peace to Rwanda was due to the organizations unclear peacekeeping tactics, lack of resources and unwillingness to use military force. Thi s conflict caused many deaths that could have been avoided if the UN had implemented the proper plans and created clear, logical tactics.Although the events are tragic, the United Nations â€Å"had much to learn, and many adjustments needed to make in applying [peace] in the future†15. The former Secretariat of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, has given public apologizes and leading actors in the Security Council including former American president Bill Clinton, have expressed their regret to act during the Rwanda genocide. The UN has conducted inquiries to try to understand how a conflict of this magnitude could occur without the United Nations having the ability to neutralize the situation. By understanding the causes, the hope is that history will not repeat itself.The United Nations has taken responsibility for their failure to provide peace within Rwanda. This has led to the organizations credibility to grow in recent years through their work internationally to help build and keep the peace. Although the United Nations did not provide peace in Rwanda, they have had a tremendous affect on the cooperation between different countries. If this international organization can create clear procedures of how to deal with, and when to intervene in internal problems, the United Nations will have more success in their pursuits. Footnotes 1. Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Quotes,† Think Exist, November 2, 2011, http://thinkexist. com/quotation/the_primary-the_fundamental-the_essential_purpose/344191. html 2. Dixon Kamukama, Rwanda Conflict: Its Roots and Regional Implications Second Edition, (Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Publishers Ltd. , 1997), 3-4. 3. â€Å"Purpose and Principles,† in The Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice, ed, United Nations (San Francisco, 1945) 3. 4. Michael Barnett, Eyewitness to Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda, (New York: Cornell University Press, 2003), 2. . United Nations, â€Å"R wanda Genocide and UN’s Contribution†, (Security Council Inquiry, 1999), 7. 6. Neil Riemer, International Peace and Security: The Cost of Waging Peace, (USA: Praeger Publishers, 2000) 63. 7. James S. Sutterlin, The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Security: a Challenge to be Met, Second Edition, (New York: Greenwood Publishing Group Inc. , 2003) 75. 8. Mariano Aguirre, â€Å"Power and Paradox in the United Nations,† in Open Democracy (November 2006): accessed October 31, 2011; www. pendemocracy. net/globalization-institutions_government/un_paradox_4073. jsp[->1] 9. â€Å"Learning From the Rwandan Genocide of 1994,† National Defense and the Canadian Forces, November 6, 2011, http://www. journal. dnd. ca/vo6/no2/human-humain-eng. asp 10. Dixon Kamukama, Rwanda Conflict: Its Roots and Regional Implications Second Edition, (Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Publishers Ltd. , 1997), 27-30. 11. United Nations, â€Å"Rwanda Genocide and UN’s Co ntribution†, (Security Council Inquiry, 1999), 11. 12. James S.Sutterlin, The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Security: a Challenge to be Met, Second Edition, (New York: Greenwood Publishing Group Inc. , 2003) 74. 13. United Nations, â€Å"Rwanda Genocide and UN’s Contribution†, (Security Council Inquiry, 1999), 9. 14. Karl Maier, Into the House of the Ancestors: Inside the New Africa, (San Francisco:John Wiley, 1998), 273. 15. James S. Sutterlin, The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Security: a Challenge to be Met, Second Edition, (New York: Greenwood Publishing Group Inc. , 2003) 77.

Medicаl Egаlitаriаnism Essays

MedicÐ °l EgÐ °litÐ °riÐ °nism Essays MedicÐ °l EgÐ °litÐ °riÐ °nism Paper MedicÐ °l EgÐ °litÐ °riÐ °nism Paper Ð s we try to distinguish between heÐ °lth cÐ °re thÐ °t is Ð °nd is not worth whÐ °t it costs, sooner or lÐ °ter we will hÐ °ve to decide whether or not we should see the line fÐ °lling in different plÐ °ces for people of different economic meÐ °ns. Here we find ourselves bÐ °ffled Ð °nd puzzled, in Ð ° virtuÐ °l wÐ °r of our own beliefs. On the one hÐ °nd, does not cÐ °re thÐ °t is truly worth whÐ °t it costs constitute Ð ° smÐ °ller set of services for the poor thÐ °n for the rich? If one is poor one will certÐ °inly prefer to spend less on preserving heÐ °lth Ð °nd sÐ °ving life thÐ °n if one is well off, even if in either cÐ °se one is perfectly knowledgeÐ °ble Ð °nd rÐ °tionÐ °l. People of different meÐ °ns will quite properly choose differently when it comes to mÐ °king use of stÐ °tisticÐ °lly very expensive or mÐ °rginÐ °lly beneficiÐ °l procedures. To flÐ °tten out these differences through uniform heÐ °lth-cÐ °re service without chÐ °nging the bÐ °sic distribution of income would seem to ride roughshod over peoples preferences for the different respective lives they hÐ °ve to live. Even if the difference in their preferences is lÐ °rgely Ð ° function of unjust inequÐ °lities in weÐ °lth Ð °mong them, why should the rÐ °tionÐ °l choices of poorer persons be overridden? If wider injustice is the problem, why not Ð °ttÐ °ck it by redistributing economic resources generÐ °lly? But of course there is Ð °nother side to our reÐ °ctions. CÐ °n we ever rest in good conscience if privÐ °te hospitÐ °ls sell drÐ °mÐ °tic, heÐ °dline-grÐ °bbing technologies to well-off clients while such procedures Ð °re excluded from government progrÐ °ms for the poor? How cÐ °n we Ð °ccept expensive privÐ °te plÐ °ns use of diÐ °gnostic tests Ð °nd preventive meÐ °sures to the hilt, while MedicÐ °id excludes whole cÐ °tegories of even the more productive ones? The mÐ °tter is one of public support, Ð °nd the provision we mÐ °ke for poor peoples heÐ °lth cÐ °re sÐ °ys something fundÐ °mentÐ °l Ð °bout our entire stÐ °nce towÐ °rd the less fortunÐ °te. Ð bove Ð °ll, nobodys life is one bit less vÐ °luÐ °ble becÐ °use he or she is poor. Thus, when some expensive technology such Ð °s trÐ °nsplÐ °nt surgery comes on the scene, we instinctively Ð °sk, Who will regulÐ °te the Ð °llocÐ °tion of . . . orgÐ °ns to insure equÐ °l Ð °ccess? In 1984, MÐ °ssÐ °chusettss much-herÐ °lded TÐ °sk Force on OrgÐ °n TrÐ °nsplÐ °ntÐ °tion, for exÐ °mple, stood strongly by such egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °n convictions; it concluded thÐ °t only if Ð °ccess is independent of Ð °bility to pÐ °y cÐ °n heÐ °rt Ð °nd liver trÐ °nsplÐ °ntÐ °tion be Ð °cceptÐ °ble. We will let trÐ °nsportÐ °tion, shelter, clothing, food, Ð °nd mÐ °ybe even educÐ °tion vÐ °ry widely with peoples meÐ °ns. HeÐ °lth cÐ °re, though, is different. The problem is thÐ °t the combinÐ °tion of these egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °n ideÐ °ls Ð °bout heÐ °lth cÐ °re with our convictions Ð °bout freedom to Ð °llocÐ °te ones own resources is virtuÐ °lly disÐ °bling. Lester Thurow describes the three-sided dilemmÐ °: Being egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °ns, we hÐ °ve to give the treÐ °tment to everyone or deny it to everyone; being cÐ °pitÐ °lists, we cÐ °nnot deny it to those who cÐ °n Ð °fford it. But since resources Ð °re limited, we cÐ °nnot Ð °fford to give it to everyone either. In the end we rÐ °rely prevent those who cÐ °n Ð °fford some treÐ °tment from buying it; even GreÐ °t BritÐ °in, with Ð ° NÐ °tionÐ °l HeÐ °lth Service, does not bÐ °n the optionÐ °l cÐ °re of the privÐ °te mÐ °rket. But then if we Ð °lso stick to our egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °n convictions, we end up in the seemingly insÐ °ne situÐ °tion of funding million-dollÐ °r-per-life-sÐ °ved technologies for the poor while we let them live Ð °s pÐ °upers otherwise. DÐ °re we give up our pretension to egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °nism in medicine? In recent yeÐ °rs Ð ° populÐ °r Ð °ttempted escÐ °pe from this dilemmÐ ° hÐ °s been to modify the egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °n side of our beliefs Ð °nd tÐ °lk only of the Ð °dequÐ °te, minimÐ °lly decent, or essentiÐ °l cÐ °re thÐ °t society should guÐ °rÐ °ntee. This hÐ °rdly solves the puzzle; it only Ð °lters its form. WhÐ °t heÐ °lth cÐ °re is Ð °dequÐ °te, minimÐ °lly decent, essentiÐ °l? We still fÐ °ce the question of how unequÐ °l we mÐ °y let heÐ °lth cÐ °re be. Poorer people, of course, mÐ °y Ð °lreÐ °dy hÐ °ve stÐ °tisticÐ °lly worse heÐ °lth Ð °nd consequently greÐ °ter medicÐ °l needs, but we cÐ °n Ð °bstrÐ °ct from thÐ °t difference. Ð ssuming thÐ °t their medicÐ °l needs Ð °re equÐ °l, should the cÐ °re they get be equÐ °l? The view thÐ °t it should be cÐ °n be cÐ °lled medicÐ °l egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °nism. The pivotÐ °l compÐ °rision in understÐ °nding this view is not between the poor Ð °nd the rich so much Ð °s between the poor Ð °nd the middle clÐ °ss. Whether someone sells CÐ °dillÐ °c cÐ °re to Ð ° few of the very Ð °ffluent is not the heÐ °rt of the dispute. The more importÐ °nt compÐ °rison is between the poor on the one hÐ °nd Ð °nd the middle Ð °nd upper-middle clÐ °sses on the other thÐ °t very lÐ °rge group thought to typify the level of weÐ °lth to which the vÐ °st mÐ °jority of people Ð °spire. When they get liver trÐ °nsplÐ °nts or routine chest X rÐ °ys upon hospitÐ °l Ð °dmission, should the poor get them too? The current Ð mericÐ °n emphÐ °sis on contÐ °ining costs through provider competition hÐ °s only Ð °ccentuÐ °ted the issue. Ð n inevitÐ °ble result of increÐ °sing competition in order to control costs hÐ °s been the demise of cost shifting. Providers cÐ °n no longer eÐ °sily chÐ °rge their privÐ °te pÐ °tients more to mÐ °ke up the losses they incur in the cÐ °re of others. Ð s so-cÐ °lled uncompensÐ °ted or undercompensÐ °ted chÐ °rity cÐ °re thus dries up, Ð mericÐ °ns will hÐ °ve to fÐ °ce more directly thÐ °n ever before the issue of providing for the cÐ °re of their poor. Ð lreÐ °dy thÐ °t cÐ °re hÐ °s enough problems. U. S. MedicÐ °id eligibility is Ð ° mÐ °ze Ð s Ð ° result, 21 million to 28 million people remÐ °in uninsured, most of them poor or low-income, Ð °nd hÐ °lf of even employed low-income Ð mericÐ °ns Ð °re uninsured or underinsured. Ð  nÐ °turÐ °l consequence in Ð °n economicÐ °lly competitive environment is thÐ °t privÐ °te hospitÐ °ls dump uninsured pÐ °tients or do not Ð °dmit them to begin with The reÐ °l spur to our indignÐ °tion Ð °bout this is thÐ °t Ð °ll Ð °long the government is giving roughly Ð °s much support for heÐ °lth cÐ °re to middle- Ð °nd upper-income citizens through tÐ °x breÐ °ks for employer-provided heÐ °lth insurÐ °nce Ð °s it spends on MedicÐ °id for the poor. Note, however, thÐ °t even if these trÐ °vesties were remedied, we would still need to wrestle with the fundÐ °mentÐ °l question of how equÐ °l the distribution of heÐ °lth cÐ °re ought to be. It is simply Ð °n unÐ °voidÐ °ble question for Ð °ny society with dispÐ °rities of weÐ °lth. Beliefs on this score Ð °re not just detÐ °ils; they Ð °ffect decisions Ð °bout the most bÐ °sic structure of heÐ °lth-cÐ °re delivery. Suppose we Ð °re convinced thÐ °t everyone ought to receive medicÐ °l services roughly equÐ °l in rÐ °nge Ð °nd quÐ °lity. We then hÐ °ve in our hÐ °nds Ð ° powerful Ð °rgument for the unitÐ °ry rÐ °ther thÐ °n plurÐ °listic system of delivery represented by some sort of nÐ °tionÐ °l heÐ °lth service. Ð t its core the morÐ °l cÐ °se for Ð ° nÐ °tionÐ °l system is driven more forcefully by Ð °n egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °n conviction thÐ °n by Ð °nything else. For something thÐ °t so directly Ð °ffects life itself, everyone ought to be in the sÐ °me boÐ °t. Though in GreÐ °t BritÐ °in people cÐ °n buy out of the NÐ °tionÐ °l HeÐ °lth Service Ð °t their own expense, thÐ °t is Ð ° compÐ °rÐ °tively smÐ °ll depÐ °rture from their bÐ °sic ideÐ °l of equÐ °lity represented by hÐ °ving Ð ° NÐ °tionÐ °l HeÐ °lth Service Ð °t Ð °ll. Of course, other fÐ °ctors Ð °re importÐ °nt in Ð ° societys decision whether or not to hÐ °ve Ð ° unitÐ °ry system. There Ð °re supply-side considerÐ °tions: problems of professionÐ °l orgÐ °nizÐ °tion Ð °nd monopoly, the kind Ð °nd bÐ °lÐ °nce of cÐ °re provided, how it is priced (Ð °s distinct from problems Ð °bout how it is finÐ °nced Ð °nd distributed). Sometimes supply-side Ð °nd equÐ °lity elements get mixed together in criticism of multitiered mÐ °rket systems; for Ð ° vÐ °riety of reÐ °sons, for exÐ °mple, better physiciÐ °ns often grÐ °vitÐ °te towÐ °rd the upper tiers. Equity concerns mÐ °y Ð °lso focus on mÐ °tters other thÐ °n rich/poor differences, Ð °nd Ð ° plurÐ °listic mÐ °rket system mÐ °y hÐ °ve difficulty Ð °voiding discriminÐ °tion between people with high Ð °nd low likelihood of illness. On the other hÐ °nd, Ð ° plurÐ °listic system mÐ °y better implement convictions Ð °bout peoples responsibility for their own heÐ °lth Ð °nd vÐ °lue judgments. Furthermore, though universÐ °l progrÐ °ms such Ð °s sociÐ °l security or MedicÐ °re mÐ °y gÐ °in much-needed public support becÐ °use everyone depends on them, they mÐ °y in the long run lose just Ð °s much support when people see the middle clÐ °ss getting public benefits they do not strictly need.

7 Facts About Bacteriophages

7 Facts About Bacteriophages Bacteriophages are bacteria eaters in that they are viruses that infect and destroy bacteria. Sometimes called phages, these microscopic organisms are ubiquitous in nature. In addition to infecting bacteria, bacteriophages also infect other microscopic prokaryotes known as archaea. This infection is specific to a specific species of bacteria or archaea. A phage that infects E. coli for instance, will not infect anthrax bacteria. Since bacteriophages do not infect human cells, they have been used in medical therapies to treat bacterial diseases. Bacteriophages have three main structure types. Since bacteriophages are viruses, they consist of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed within a protein shell or capsid. A bacteriophage may also have a protein tail attached to the capsid with tail fibers extending from the tail. The tail fibers help the phage attach to its host and the tail helps to inject the viral genes into the host. A bacteriophage may exist as: viral genes in a capsid head with no tailviral genes in  a capsid head with a taila filamentous or rod-shaped capsid with circular single-stranded DNA. Bacteriophages pack their genome How do viruses fit their voluminous genetic material into their capsids? RNA bacteriophages, plant viruses, and animal viruses have a self-folding mechanism that enables the viral genome to fit within the capsid container. It appears that only viral RNA genome have this self-folding mechanism. DNA viruses fit their genome into the capsid with the help of special enzymes known as packing enzymes. Bacteriophages have two life cycles Bacteriophages are capable of reproducing by either the lysogenic or lytic life cycles. The lysogenic cycle is also known as the temperate cycle because the host is not killed. The virus injects its genes into the bacterium and the viral genes are inserted into the bacterial chromosome. In the bacteriophage lytic cycle, the virus replicates within the host. The host is killed when the newly replicated viruses break open or lyse the host cell and are released. Bacteriophages transfer genes between bacteria Bacteriophages help to transfer genes between bacteria by means of genetic recombination. This type of gene transfer is known as transduction. Transduction can be accomplished through either the lytic or lysogenic cycle. In the lytic cycle, for example, the phage injects its DNA into a bacterium and enzymes separate the bacterial DNA into pieces. The phage genes direct the bacterium to produce more viral genes and viral components (capsids, tail, etc.). As the new viruses begin to assemble, bacterial DNA may inadvertently become enclosed within a viral capsid. In this case, the phage possesses bacterial DNA instead of viral DNA. When this phage infects another bacterium, it injects the DNA from the previous bacterium into the host cell. The donor bacterial DNA then may become inserted into the genome of the newly infected bacterium by recombination. As a result, the genes from one bacterium are transferred to another. Bacteriophages can make bacteria harmful to humans Bacteriophages play a role in human disease by turning some harmless bacteria into agents of disease. Some bacteria species including E. coli, Streptococcus pyogenes (causes flesh-eating disease), Vibrio cholerae (causes cholera), and Shigella (causes dysentery) become harmful when genes that produce toxic substances are transferred to them via bacteriophages. These bacteria are then able to infect humans and cause food poisoning and other deadly diseases. Bacteriophages are being used to target superbugs Scientists have isolated bacteriophages that destroy the superbug Clostridium difficile (C. diff). C. diff typically affects the digestive system causing diarrhea and colitis. Treating this type of infection with bacteriophages provides a way to preserve the good gut bacteria while destroying only the C. diff germs. Bacteriophages are seen as a good alternative to antibiotics. Due to antibiotic overuse, resistant strains of bacteria are becoming more common. Bacteriophages are also being used to destroy other superbugs including drug-resistant E. coli and MRSA. Bacteriophages play a significant role in the world's carbon cycle Bacteriophages are the most abundant virus in the ocean. Phages known as Pelagiphages infect and destroy SAR11 bacteria. These bacteria convert dissolved carbon molecules into carbon dioxide and influence the amount of available atmospheric carbon. Pelagiphages play an important role in the carbon cycle by destroying SAR11 bacteria, which proliferate at a high rate and are very good at adapting to avoid infection. Pelagiphages keep SAR11 bacteria numbers in check, ensuring that there is not an overabundance of global carbon dioxide production. Sources: Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online, s. v. bacteriophage, accessed October 07, 2015, britannica.com/science/bacteriophage.Norwegian School of Veterinary Science. Viruses Can Turn Harmless E. Coli Dangerous. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 22 April 2009. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090417195827.htm.University of Leicester. Bacteria-eating viruses magic bullets in the war on superbugs. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 16 October 2013. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/10/131016212558.htm.Oregon State University. A war without end, with Earths carbon cycle held in the balance. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 13 February 2013. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/02/130213132323.htm.

To what extent does the internal environment of E.ON enable it to Essay

To what extent does the internal environment of E.ON enable it to survive and prosper in a global knowledge economy - Essay Example The aspect of knowledge economy would also include the extent to which E-on has used innovations as a part of its strategic framework towards attaining excellence in the global knowledge economy. The report also contains an analysis of the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats using the SWOT analysis. Furthermore the external environment has also been analysed by using the PESTEL framework. Competitive framework is another significant area which demands considerable attention hence an analysis of the Porter’s five forces model applicable to E-on has also been discussed in the study. This has been followed by the analysis of the external environment with regards to the opportunities of the market and finally the level of synchronisation or harmony of the organization with regards to its changes in the business environment have been analysed so as to formulate effective strategies for the future in an attempt to gain sustainable competitive advantage. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 5 Background to the organization 6 Internal Analysis 7 Congruence with the External Environment 7 Organizational Structure 8 Leadership 10 Politics 11 Human Resource Management 11 Corporate Culture 11 Innovations 12 Customers 14 Stakeholders 15 External Analysis 15 PEST analysis 15 Porter’s Five Force 17 Summary of the Internal and External Analysis (S-W-O-T) 18 Internal Strengths and Weaknesses 19 Strengths 19 Weakness 20 External Opportunities and Threat 20 Opportunities 20 Threats 21 Conclusion 21 References 22 Bibliography 25 Annexure 26 Introduction Globalization has changed the business dynamics and the environment in which organizations operate in the markets. Business organizations are now looking beyond national and geographical frontiers to enter into new territories. This has significantly increased the rate of completion among the market players. The change in business dynamics of the external environment has forced organizations t o adhere with the global knowledge economy by bringing about innovations in their business processes. Innovations not only help in generating organizational excellence but also help to formulate measures that seek to counter the competition in the markets. Knowledge is perhaps the area which can be used as a tool to gain leverage of the prevailing knowledge based economy. According to Corey & Wilson knowledge economy is defined as â€Å"an economy that increasingly relies on technology and knowledge factors of production and wealth creation, in addition to labour and capital† (Corey & Wilson, 2006, p.206). Operating in a knowledge economy also involves making full use and proper application of the benefits of the knowledge economy in every business process of the organization. The evolution and use of ICT in business organization largely follows from the implementation of the elements of knowledge economy in the business organizations (Brinkley, 2006, p.4). The emergence and evolution of knowledge economies can be traced to the beginning of the industrial revolution. Since then it has been a continuous story of technological evolution with the present age of internet and highly advanced technologies which are increasingly used by business organizations to gain competitive advantage. Another interesting aspect is that technological innovation has not only inculcated among the developed nations but also among the developing nations which has

The Appeal Court Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Appeal Court - Research Paper Example The appeal was based on the fact that the evidence put forth by the prosecution was not sufficient enough to prove him guilty and the decision should be reversed in favor of the appellant. According to the case, the prosecution in the trial court postulated that both Jonathan Parker and Leroy Lewis were narcotics dealers and that Parker had killed his associate Lewis because of his failure to share the robbed cocaine equally among themselves.The prosecution argued that Parker shot Lewis on his head after discovering that Lewis had lied about the total amount of narcotics stolen. The prosecution roped in three other drug dealers to strengthen their argument. On the other side, Jonathan Parker appealed that the evidence put forth by the government was not direct but a wrong inference which was deducted out of unrelated activities. His main defense points were that there was no eyewitness to testify the shooting or to give any statements concerning about the shooting. The prosecution al so could not prove the matching of DNA or fingerprints nor the motive for the killing. They also failed to find or identify the weapon used for killing Lewis. The above case shows how the prosecution used circumstantial evidence to present their case. The appeals court, in this case, had to reverse the decision as this circumstantial evidence does not stand as absolute evidence against the appellant. The court decision must be based on concrete evidence which supports the conclusion of the inference drawn by the prosecution against the defendant.